How to Work with Doctrine Associations / Relations

The ManyToOne / OneToMany Association

Suppose that each product in your application belongs to exactly one category. In this case, you'll need a Category class, and a way to relate a Product object to a Category object.

Start by creating a Category entity with a name field:

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$ php bin/console make:entity Category

New property name (press <return> to stop adding fields):
> name

Field type (enter ? to see all types) [string]:
> string

Field length [255]:
> 255

Can this field be null in the database (nullable) (yes/no) [no]:
> no

New property name (press <return> to stop adding fields):
>
(press enter again to finish)

This will generate your new entity class:

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// src/Entity/Category.php
namespace App\Entity;

// ...

#[ORM\Entity(repositoryClass: CategoryRepository::class)]
class Category
{
    #[ORM\Id]
    #[ORM\GeneratedValue]
    #[ORM\Column]
    private $id;

    #[ORM\Column]
    private string $name;

    // ... getters and setters
}

Mapping the ManyToOne Relationship

In this example, each category can be associated with many products. But, each product can be associated with only one category. This relationship can be summarized as: many products to one category (or equivalently, one category to many products).

From the perspective of the Product entity, this is a many-to-one relationship. From the perspective of the Category entity, this is a one-to-many relationship.

To map this, first create a category property on the Product class with the ManyToOne annotation. You can do this by hand, or by using the make:entity command, which will ask you several questions about your relationship. If you're not sure of the answer, don't worry! You can always change the settings later:

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$ php bin/console make:entity

Class name of the entity to create or update (e.g. BraveChef):
> Product

New property name (press <return> to stop adding fields):
> category

Field type (enter ? to see all types) [string]:
> relation

What class should this entity be related to?:
> Category

Relation type? [ManyToOne, OneToMany, ManyToMany, OneToOne]:
> ManyToOne

Is the Product.category property allowed to be null (nullable)? (yes/no) [yes]:
> no

Do you want to add a new property to Category so that you can access/update
Product objects from it - e.g. $category->getProducts()? (yes/no) [yes]:
> yes

New field name inside Category [products]:
> products

Do you want to automatically delete orphaned App\Entity\Product objects
(orphanRemoval)? (yes/no) [no]:
> no

New property name (press <return> to stop adding fields):
>
(press enter again to finish)

This made changes to two entities. First, it added a new category property to the Product entity (and getter & setter methods):

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// src/Entity/Product.php
namespace App\Entity;

// ...
class Product
{
    // ...

    #[ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity: Category::class, inversedBy: 'products')]
    private Category $category;

    public function getCategory(): ?Category
    {
        return $this->category;
    }

    public function setCategory(?Category $category): self
    {
        $this->category = $category;

        return $this;
    }
}

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# src/Resources/config/doctrine/Product.orm.yml
App\Entity\Product:
    type: entity
    # ...
    manyToOne:
        category:
            targetEntity: App\Entity\Category
            inversedBy: products
            joinColumn:
                nullable: false

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<!-- src/Resources/config/doctrine/Product.orm.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<doctrine-mapping xmlns="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
        https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">

    <entity name="App\Entity\Product">
        <!-- ... -->
        <many-to-one
            field="category"
            target-entity="App\Entity\Category"
            inversed-by="products">
            <join-column nullable="false"/>
        </many-to-one>
    </entity>
</doctrine-mapping>

This ManyToOne mapping is required. It tells Doctrine to use the category_id column on the product table to relate each record in that table with a record in the category table.

Next, since one Category object will relate to many Product objects, the make:entity command also added a products property to the Category class that will hold these objects:

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// src/Entity/Category.php
namespace App\Entity;

// ...
use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
use Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection;

class Category
{
    // ...

    #[ORM\OneToMany(targetEntity: Product::class, mappedBy: 'category')]
    private Collection $products;

    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->products = new ArrayCollection();
    }

    /**
     * @return Collection<int, Product>
     */
    public function getProducts(): Collection
    {
        return $this->products;
    }

    // addProduct() and removeProduct() were also added
}

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# src/Resources/config/doctrine/Category.orm.yml
App\Entity\Category:
    type: entity
    # ...
    oneToMany:
        products:
            targetEntity: App\Entity\Product
            mappedBy: category
# Don't forget to initialize the collection in
# the __construct() method of the entity

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<!-- src/Resources/config/doctrine/Category.orm.xml -->
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<doctrine-mapping xmlns="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
        https://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">

    <entity name="App\Entity\Category">
        <!-- ... -->
        <one-to-many
            field="products"
            target-entity="App\Entity\Product"
            mapped-by="category"/>

        <!--
            don't forget to init the collection in
            the __construct() method of the entity
        -->
    </entity>
</doctrine-mapping>

The ManyToOne mapping shown earlier is required, But, this OneToMany is optional: only add it if you want to be able to access the products that are related to a category (this is one of the questions make:entity asks you). In this example, it will be useful to be able to call $category->getProducts(). If you don't want it, then you also don't need the inversedBy or mappedBy config.

Your database is set up! Now, run the migrations like normal:

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$ php bin/console doctrine:migrations:diff
$ php bin/console doctrine:migrations:migrate

Thanks to the relationship, this creates a category_id foreign key column on the product table. Doctrine is ready to persist our relationship!

Saving Related Entities

Now you can see this new code in action! Imagine you're inside a controller:

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// src/Controller/ProductController.php
namespace App\Controller;

// ...
use App\Entity\Category;
use App\Entity\Product;
use Doctrine\ORM\EntityManagerInterface;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Annotation\Route;

class ProductController extends AbstractController
{
    #[Route('/product', name: 'product')]
    public function index(EntityManagerInterface $entityManager): Response
    {
        $category = new Category();
        $category->setName('Computer Peripherals');

        $product = new Product();
        $product->setName('Keyboard');
        $product->setPrice(19.99);
        $product->setDescription('Ergonomic and stylish!');

        // relates this product to the category
        $product->setCategory($category);

        $entityManager->persist($category);
        $entityManager->persist($product);
        $entityManager->flush();

        return new Response(
            'Saved new product with id: '.$product->getId()
            .' and new category with id: '.$category->getId()
        );
    }
}

When you go to /product, a single row is added to both the category and product tables. The product.category_id column for the new product is set to whatever the id is of the new category. Doctrine manages the persistence of this relationship for you:

If you're new to an ORM, this is the hardest concept: you need to stop thinking about your database, and instead only think about your objects. Instead of setting the category's integer id onto Product, you set the entire Category object. Doctrine takes care of the rest when saving.

Fetching Related Objects

When you need to fetch associated objects, your workflow looks like it did before. First, fetch a $product object and then access its related Category object:

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// src/Controller/ProductController.php
namespace App\Controller;

use App\Entity\Product;
// ...

class ProductController extends AbstractController
{
    public function show(ProductRepository $productRepository, int $id): Response
    {
        $product = $productRepository->find($id);
        // ...

        $categoryName = $product->getCategory()->getName();

        // ...
    }
}

In this example, you first query for a Product object based on the product's id. This issues a query to fetch only the product data and hydrates the $product. Later, when you call $product->getCategory()->getName(), Doctrine silently makes a second query to find the Category that's related to this Product. It prepares the $category object and returns it to you.

What's important is the fact that you have access to the product's related category, but the category data isn't actually retrieved until you ask for the category (i.e. it's "lazily loaded").

Because we mapped the optional OneToMany side, you can also query in the other direction:

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// src/Controller/ProductController.php

// ...
class ProductController extends AbstractController
{
    public function showProducts(CategoryRepository $categoryRepository, int $id): Response
    {
        $category = $categoryRepository->find($id);

        $products = $category->getProducts();

        // ...
    }
}

In this case, the same things occur: you first query for a single Category object. Then, only when (and if) you access the products, Doctrine makes a second query to retrieve the related Product objects. This extra query can be avoided by adding JOINs.

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$product = $productRepository->find($id);

$category = $product->getCategory();

// prints "Proxies\AppEntityCategoryProxy"
dump(get_class($category));
die();

Joining Related Records

In the examples above, two queries were made - one for the original object (e.g. a Category) and one for the related object(s) (e.g. the Product objects).

If you know up front that you'll need to access both objects, you can avoid the second query by issuing a join in the original query. Add the following method to the ProductRepository class:

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// src/Repository/ProductRepository.php

// ...
class ProductRepository extends ServiceEntityRepository
{
    public function findOneByIdJoinedToCategory(int $productId): ?Product
    {
        $entityManager = $this->getEntityManager();

        $query = $entityManager->createQuery(
            'SELECT p, c
            FROM App\Entity\Product p
            INNER JOIN p.category c
            WHERE p.id = :id'
        )->setParameter('id', $productId);

        return $query->getOneOrNullResult();
    }
}

This will still return an array of Product objects. But now, when you call $product->getCategory() and use that data, no second query is made.

Now, you can use this method in your controller to query for a Product object and its related Category in one query:

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// src/Controller/ProductController.php

// ...
class ProductController extends AbstractController
{
    public function show(ProductRepository $productRepository, int $id): Response
    {
        $product = $productRepository->findOneByIdJoinedToCategory($id);

        $category = $product->getCategory();

        // ...
    }
}

Setting Information from the Inverse Side

So far, you've updated the relationship by calling $product->setCategory($category). This is no accident! Each relationship has two sides: in this example, Product.category is the owning side and Category.products is the inverse side.

To update a relationship in the database, you must set the relationship on the owning side. The owning side is always where the ManyToOne mapping is set (for a ManyToMany relation, you can choose which side is the owning side).

Does this mean it's not possible to call $category->addProduct() or $category->removeProduct() to update the database? Actually, it is possible, thanks to some clever code that the make:entity command generated:

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// src/Entity/Category.php

// ...
class Category
{
    // ...

    public function addProduct(Product $product): self
    {
        if (!$this->products->contains($product)) {
            $this->products[] = $product;
            $product->setCategory($this);
        }

        return $this;
    }
}

The key is $product->setCategory($this), which sets the owning side. Thanks, to this, when you save, the relationship will update in the database.

What about removing a Product from a Category? The make:entity command also generated a removeProduct() method:

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// src/Entity/Category.php
namespace App\Entity;

// ...
class Category
{
    // ...

    public function removeProduct(Product $product): self
    {
        if ($this->products->contains($product)) {
            $this->products->removeElement($product);
            // set the owning side to null (unless already changed)
            if ($product->getCategory() === $this) {
                $product->setCategory(null);
            }
        }

        return $this;
    }
}

Thanks to this, if you call $category->removeProduct($product), the category_id on that Product will be set to null in the database.

But, instead of setting the category_id to null, what if you want the Product to be deleted if it becomes "orphaned" (i.e. without a Category)? To choose that behavior, use the orphanRemoval option inside Category:

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// src/Entity/Category.php

// ...

#[ORM\OneToMany(targetEntity: Product::class, mappedBy: 'category', orphanRemoval: true)]
private array $products;

Thanks to this, if the Product is removed from the Category, it will be removed from the database entirely.

More Information on Associations

This section has been an introduction to one common type of entity relationship, the one-to-many relationship. For more advanced details and examples of how to use other types of relations (e.g. one-to-one, many-to-many), see Doctrine's Association Mapping Documentation.