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How to Create Multiple Symfony Applications with a Single Kernel

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Read the updated version of this page for Symfony 7.2 (the current stable version).

In Symfony applications, incoming requests are usually processed by the front controller at public/index.php, which instantiates the src/Kernel.php class to create the application kernel. This kernel loads the bundles, the configuration, and handles the request to generate the response.

The current implementation of the Kernel class serves as a convenient default for a single application. However, it can also manage multiple applications. While the Kernel typically runs the same application with different configurations based on various environments, it can be adapted to run different applications with specific bundles and configuration.

These are some of the common use cases for creating multiple applications with a single Kernel:

  • An application that defines an API can be divided into two segments to improve performance. The first segment serves the regular web application, while the second segment exclusively responds to API requests. This approach requires loading fewer bundles and enabling fewer features for the second part, thus optimizing performance;
  • A highly sensitive application could be divided into two parts for enhanced security. The first part would only load routes corresponding to the publicly exposed sections of the application. The second part would load the remainder of the application, with its access safeguarded by the web server;
  • A monolithic application could be gradually transformed into a more distributed architecture, such as micro-services. This approach allows for a seamless migration of a large application while still sharing common configurations and components.

Turning a Single Application into Multiple Applications

These are the steps required to convert a single application into a new one that supports multiple applications:

  1. Create a new application;
  2. Update the Kernel class to support multiple applications;
  3. Add a new APP_ID environment variable;
  4. Update the front controllers.

The following example shows how to create a new application for the API of a new Symfony project.

Step 1) Create a new Application

This example follows the Shared Kernel pattern: all applications maintain an isolated context, but they can share common bundles, configuration, and code if desired. The optimal approach will depend on your specific needs and requirements, so it's up to you to decide which best suits your project.

First, create a new apps directory at the root of your project, which will hold all the necessary applications. Each application will follow a simplified directory structure like the one described in Symfony Best Practice:

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your-project/
├─ apps/
│  └─ api/
│     ├─ config/
│     │  ├─ bundles.php
│     │  ├─ routes.yaml
│     │  └─ services.yaml
│     └─ src/
├─ bin/
│  └─ console
├─ config/
├─ public/
│  └─ index.php
├─ src/
│  └─ Kernel.php

Note

Note that the config/ and src/ directories at the root of the project will represent the shared context among all applications within the apps/ directory. Therefore, you should carefully consider what is common and what should be placed in the specific application.

Tip

You might also consider renaming the namespace for the shared context, from App to Shared, as it will make it easier to distinguish and provide clearer meaning to this context.

Since the new apps/api/src/ directory will host the PHP code related to the API, you have to update the composer.json file to include it in the autoload section:

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{
    "autoload": {
        "psr-4": {
            "Shared\\": "src/",
            "Api\\": "apps/api/src/"
        }
    }
}

Additionally, don't forget to run composer dump-autoload to generate the autoload files.

Step 2) Update the Kernel class to support Multiple Applications

Since there will be multiple applications, it's better to add a new property string $id to the Kernel to identify the application being loaded. This property will also allow you to split the cache, logs, and configuration files in order to avoid collisions with other applications. Moreover, it contributes to performance optimization, as each application will load only the required resources:

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// src/Kernel.php
namespace Shared;

use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Loader\Configurator\ContainerConfigurator;
use Symfony\Component\Routing\Loader\Configurator\RoutingConfigurator;

class Kernel extends BaseKernel
{
    use MicroKernelTrait;

    public function __construct(string $environment, bool $debug, private string $id)
    {
        parent::__construct($environment, $debug);
    }

    public function getSharedConfigDir(): string
    {
        return $this->getProjectDir().'/config';
    }

    public function getAppConfigDir(): string
    {
        return $this->getProjectDir().'/apps/'.$this->id.'/config';
    }

    public function registerBundles(): iterable
    {
        $sharedBundles = require $this->getSharedConfigDir().'/bundles.php';
        $appBundles = require $this->getAppConfigDir().'/bundles.php';

        // load common bundles, such as the FrameworkBundle, as well as
        // specific bundles required exclusively for the app itself
        foreach (array_merge($sharedBundles, $appBundles) as $class => $envs) {
            if ($envs[$this->environment] ?? $envs['all'] ?? false) {
                yield new $class();
            }
        }
    }

    public function getCacheDir(): string
    {
        // divide cache for each application
        return ($_SERVER['APP_CACHE_DIR'] ?? $this->getProjectDir().'/var/cache').'/'.$this->id.'/'.$this->environment;
    }

    public function getLogDir(): string
    {
        // divide logs for each application
        return ($_SERVER['APP_LOG_DIR'] ?? $this->getProjectDir().'/var/log').'/'.$this->id;
    }

    protected function configureContainer(ContainerConfigurator $container): void
    {
        // load common config files, such as the framework.yaml, as well as
        // specific configs required exclusively for the app itself
        $this->doConfigureContainer($container, $this->getSharedConfigDir());
        $this->doConfigureContainer($container, $this->getAppConfigDir());
    }

    protected function configureRoutes(RoutingConfigurator $routes): void
    {
        // load common routes files, such as the routes/framework.yaml, as well as
        // specific routes required exclusively for the app itself
        $this->doConfigureRoutes($routes, $this->getSharedConfigDir());
        $this->doConfigureRoutes($routes, $this->getAppConfigDir());
    }

    private function doConfigureContainer(ContainerConfigurator $container, string $configDir): void
    {
        $container->import($configDir.'/{packages}/*.{php,yaml}');
        $container->import($configDir.'/{packages}/'.$this->environment.'/*.{php,yaml}');

        if (is_file($configDir.'/services.yaml')) {
            $container->import($configDir.'/services.yaml');
            $container->import($configDir.'/{services}_'.$this->environment.'.yaml');
        } else {
            $container->import($configDir.'/{services}.php');
        }
    }

    private function doConfigureRoutes(RoutingConfigurator $routes, string $configDir): void
    {
        $routes->import($configDir.'/{routes}/'.$this->environment.'/*.{php,yaml}');
        $routes->import($configDir.'/{routes}/*.{php,yaml}');

        if (is_file($configDir.'/routes.yaml')) {
            $routes->import($configDir.'/routes.yaml');
        } else {
            $routes->import($configDir.'/{routes}.php');
        }

        if (false !== ($fileName = (new \ReflectionObject($this))->getFileName())) {
            $routes->import($fileName, 'attribute');
        }
    }
}

This example reuses the default implementation to import the configuration and routes based on a given configuration directory. As shown earlier, this approach will import both the shared and the app-specific resources.

Step 3) Add a new APP_ID environment variable

Next, define a new environment variable that identifies the current application. This new variable can be added to the .env file to provide a default value, but it should typically be added to your web server configuration.

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# .env
APP_ID=api

Caution

The value of this variable must match the application directory within apps/ as it is used in the Kernel to load the specific application configuration.

Step 4) Update the Front Controllers

In this final step, update the front controllers public/index.php and bin/console to pass the value of the APP_ID variable to the Kernel instance. This will allow the Kernel to load and run the specified application:

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// public/index.php
use Shared\Kernel;
// ...

return function (array $context): Kernel {
    return new Kernel($context['APP_ENV'], (bool) $context['APP_DEBUG'], $context['APP_ID']);
};

Similar to configuring the required APP_ENV and APP_DEBUG values, the third argument of the Kernel constructor is now also necessary to set the application ID, which is derived from an external configuration.

For the second front controller, define a new console option to allow passing the application ID to run under CLI context:

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// bin/console
use Shared\Kernel;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputInterface;
use Symfony\Component\Console\Input\InputOption;

return function (InputInterface $input, array $context): Application {
    $kernel = new Kernel($context['APP_ENV'], (bool) $context['APP_DEBUG'], $input->getParameterOption(['--id', '-i'], $context['APP_ID']));

    $application = new Application($kernel);
    $application->getDefinition()
        ->addOption(new InputOption('--id', '-i', InputOption::VALUE_REQUIRED, 'The App ID'))
    ;

    return $application;
};

That's it!

Executing Commands

The bin/console script, which is used to run Symfony commands, always uses the Kernel class to build the application and load the commands. If you need to run console commands for a specific application, you can provide the --id option along with the appropriate identity value:

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php bin/console cache:clear --id=api
// or
php bin/console cache:clear -iapi

// alternatively
export APP_ID=api
php bin/console cache:clear

You might want to update the composer auto-scripts section to run multiple commands simultaneously. This example shows the commands of two different applications called api and admin:

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{
    "scripts": {
        "auto-scripts": {
            "cache:clear -iapi": "symfony-cmd",
            "cache:clear -iadmin": "symfony-cmd",
            "assets:install %PUBLIC_DIR% -iapi": "symfony-cmd",
            "assets:install %PUBLIC_DIR% -iadmin --no-cleanup": "symfony-cmd"
        }
    }
}

Then, run composer auto-scripts to test it!

Note

The commands available for each console script (e.g. bin/console -iapi and bin/console -iadmin) can differ because they depend on the bundles enabled for each application, which could be different.

Rendering Templates

Let's consider that you need to create another app called admin. If you follow the Symfony Best Practices, the shared Kernel templates will be located in the templates/ directory at the project's root. For admin-specific templates, you can create a new directory apps/admin/templates/ which you will need to manually configure under the Admin application:

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# apps/admin/config/packages/twig.yaml
twig:
    paths:
        '%kernel.project_dir%/apps/admin/templates': Admin

Then, use this Twig namespace to reference any template within the Admin application only, for example @Admin/form/fields.html.twig.

Running Tests

In Symfony applications, functional tests typically extend from the WebTestCase class by default. Within its parent class, KernelTestCase, there is a method called createKernel() that attempts to create the kernel responsible for running the application during tests. However, the current logic of this method doesn't include the new application ID argument, so you need to update it:

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// apps/api/tests/ApiTestCase.php
namespace Api\Tests;

use Shared\Kernel;
use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Test\WebTestCase;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\KernelInterface;

class ApiTestCase extends WebTestCase
{
    protected static function createKernel(array $options = []): KernelInterface
    {
        $env = $options['environment'] ?? $_ENV['APP_ENV'] ?? $_SERVER['APP_ENV'] ?? 'test';
        $debug = $options['debug'] ?? (bool) ($_ENV['APP_DEBUG'] ?? $_SERVER['APP_DEBUG'] ?? true);

        return new Kernel($env, $debug, 'api');
    }
}

Note

This examples uses a hardcoded application ID value because the tests extending this ApiTestCase class will focus solely on the api tests.

Now, create a tests/ directory inside the apps/api/ application. Then, update both the composer.json file and phpunit.xml configuration about its existence:

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{
    "autoload-dev": {
        "psr-4": {
            "Shared\\Tests\\": "tests/",
            "Api\\Tests\\": "apps/api/tests/"
        }
    }
}

Remember to run composer dump-autoload to generate the autoload files.

And, here is the update needed for the phpunit.xml file:

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<testsuites>
    <testsuite name="shared">
        <directory>tests</directory>
    </testsuite>
    <testsuite name="api">
        <directory>apps/api/tests</directory>
    </testsuite>
</testsuites>

Adding more Applications

Now you can begin adding more applications as needed, such as an admin application to manage the project's configuration and permissions. To do that, you will have to repeat the step 1 only:

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your-project/
├─ apps/
│  ├─ admin/
│  │  ├─ config/
│  │  │  ├─ bundles.php
│  │  │  ├─ routes.yaml
│  │  │  └─ services.yaml
│  │  └─ src/
│  └─ api/
│     └─ ...

Additionally, you might need to update your web server configuration to set the APP_ID=admin under a different domain.

This work, including the code samples, is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license.
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