End-to-End Testing
The Panther component allows to drive a real web browser with PHP to create end-to-end tests.
Installation
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$ composer require symfony/panther
Note
If you install this component outside of a Symfony application, you must
require the vendor/autoload.php
file in your code to enable the class
autoloading mechanism provided by Composer. Read
this article for more details.
Introduction
End to end tests are a special type of application tests that simulate a real user interacting with your application. They are typically used to test the user interface (UI) of your application and the effects of these interactions (e.g. when I click on this button, a mail must be sent). The difference with functional tests detailed above is that End-to-End tests use a real browser instead of a simulated one. This browser can run in headless mode (without a graphical interface) or not. The first option is convenient for running tests in a Continuous Integration (CI), while the second one is useful for debugging purpose.
This is the purpose of Panther, a component that provides a real browser to run your tests. Here are a few things that make Panther special, compared to other testing tools provided by Symfony:
- Possibility to take screenshots of the browser at any time during the test
- The JavaScript code contained in webpages is executed
- Panther supports everything that Chrome (or Firefox) implements
- Convenient way to test real-time applications (e.g. WebSockets, Server-Sent Events with Mercure, etc.)
Installing Web Drivers
Panther uses the WebDriver protocol to control the browser used to crawl websites. On all systems, you can use dbrekelmans/browser-driver-installer to install ChromeDriver and geckodriver locally:
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$ composer require --dev dbrekelmans/bdi
$ vendor/bin/bdi detect drivers
Panther will detect and automatically use drivers stored in the drivers/
directory
of your project when installing them manually. You can download ChromeDriver
for Chromium or Chrome and GeckoDriver for Firefox and put them anywhere in
your PATH
or in the drivers/
directory of your project.
Alternatively, you can use the package manager of your operating system to install them:
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# Ubuntu
$ apt-get install chromium-chromedriver firefox-geckodriver
# MacOS, using Homebrew
$ brew install chromedriver geckodriver
# Windows, using Chocolatey
$ choco install chromedriver selenium-gecko-driver
Registering The PHPUnit Extension
If you intend to use Panther to test your application, it is strongly recommended to register the Panther PHPUnit extension. While not strictly mandatory, this extension dramatically improves the testing experience by boosting the performance and allowing to use the interactive debugging mode.
When using the extension in conjunction with the PANTHER_ERROR_SCREENSHOT_DIR
environment variable, tests using the Panther client that fail or error (after the
client is created) will automatically get a screenshot taken to help debugging.
To register the Panther extension, add the following lines to phpunit.xml.dist
:
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<!-- phpunit.xml.dist -->
<extensions>
<extension class="Symfony\Component\Panther\ServerExtension"/>
</extensions>
Without the extension, the web server used by Panther to serve the application
under test is started on demand and stopped when tearDownAfterClass()
is called.
On the other hand, when the extension is registered, the web server will be stopped
only after the very last test.
Usage
Here is an example of a snippet that uses Panther to test an application:
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use Symfony\Component\Panther\Client;
$client = Client::createChromeClient();
// alternatively, create a Firefox client
$client = Client::createFirefoxClient();
$client->request('GET', 'https://api-platform.com');
$client->clickLink('Getting started');
// wait for an element to be present in the DOM, even if hidden
$crawler = $client->waitFor('#installing-the-framework');
// you can also wait for an element to be visible
$crawler = $client->waitForVisibility('#installing-the-framework');
// get the text of an element thanks to the query selector syntax
echo $crawler->filter('#installing-the-framework')->text();
// take a screenshot of the current page
$client->takeScreenshot('screen.png');
Note
According to the specification, WebDriver implementations return only the
displayed text by default. When you filter on a head
tag (like
title
), the method text()
returns an empty string. Use the
html()
method to get the complete contents of the tag, including the
tag itself.
Creating a TestCase
The PantherTestCase
class allows you to write end-to-end tests. It
automatically starts your app using the built-in PHP web server and lets
you crawl it using Panther. To provide all the testing tools you're used
to, it extends PHPUnit's TestCase
.
If you are testing a Symfony application, PantherTestCase
automatically
extends the WebTestCase class.
It means you can create functional tests, which can directly execute the
kernel of your application and access all your existing services.
In this case, you can use
all crawler test assertions
provided by Symfony with Panther.
Here is an example of a PantherTestCase
:
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namespace App\Tests;
use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class HomepageTest extends PantherTestCase
{
public function testMyApp(): void
{
// your app is automatically started using the built-in web server
$client = static::createPantherClient();
$client->request('GET', '/home');
// use any PHPUnit assertion, including the ones provided by Symfony...
$this->assertPageTitleContains('My Title');
$this->assertSelectorTextContains('#main', 'My body');
// ... or the one provided by Panther
$this->assertSelectorIsEnabled('.search');
$this->assertSelectorIsDisabled('[type="submit"]');
$this->assertSelectorIsVisible('.errors');
$this->assertSelectorIsNotVisible('.loading');
$this->assertSelectorAttributeContains('.price', 'data-old-price', '42');
$this->assertSelectorAttributeNotContains('.price', 'data-old-price', '36');
// ...
}
}
Panther client comes with methods that wait until some asynchronous process finishes:
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namespace App\Tests;
use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class HomepageTest extends PantherTestCase
{
public function testMyApp(): void
{
// ...
// wait for element to be attached to the DOM
$client->waitFor('.popin');
// wait for element to be removed from the DOM
$client->waitForStaleness('.popin');
// wait for element of the DOM to become visible
$client->waitForVisibility('.loader');
// wait for element of the DOM to become hidden
$client->waitForInvisibility('.loader');
// wait for text to be inserted in the element content
$client->waitForElementToContain('.total', '25 €');
// wait for text to be removed from the element content
$client->waitForElementToNotContain('.promotion', '5%');
// wait for the button to become enabled
$client->waitForEnabled('[type="submit"]');
// wait for the button to become disabled
$client->waitForDisabled('[type="submit"]');
// wait for the attribute to contain content
$client->waitForAttributeToContain('.price', 'data-old-price', '25 €');
// wait for the attribute to not contain content
$client->waitForAttributeToNotContain('.price', 'data-old-price', '25 €');
}
}
Finally, you can also make assertions on things that will happen in the future:
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namespace App\Tests;
use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class HomepageTest extends PantherTestCase
{
public function testMyApp(): void
{
// ...
// element will be attached to the DOM
$this->assertSelectorWillExist('.popin');
// element will be removed from the DOM
$this->assertSelectorWillNotExist('.popin');
// element will be visible
$this->assertSelectorWillBeVisible('.loader');
// element will not be visible
$this->assertSelectorWillNotBeVisible('.loader');
// text will be inserted in the element content
$this->assertSelectorWillContain('.total', '€25');
// text will be removed from the element content
$this->assertSelectorWillNotContain('.promotion', '5%');
// button will be enabled
$this->assertSelectorWillBeEnabled('[type="submit"]');
// button will be disabled
$this->assertSelectorWillBeDisabled('[type="submit"]');
// attribute will contain content
$this->assertSelectorAttributeWillContain('.price', 'data-old-price', '€25');
// attribute will not contain content
$this->assertSelectorAttributeWillNotContain('.price', 'data-old-price', '€25');
}
}
You can then run this test using PHPUnit, like you would for any other test:
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$ ./vendor/bin/phpunit tests/HomepageTest.php
When writing end-to-end tests, you should keep in mind that they are
slower than other tests. If you need to check that the WebDriver connection
is still active during long-running tests, you can use the
Client::ping()
method which returns a boolean depending on the
connection status.
Advanced Usage
Changing The Hostname and the Port Of The Web Server
If you want to change the host and/or the port used by the built-in web server,
pass the hostname
and port
to the $options
parameter of the
createPantherClient()
method:
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$client = self::createPantherClient([
'hostname' => 'example.com', // defaults to 127.0.0.1
'port' => 8080, // defaults to 9080
]);
Using Browser-Kit Clients
Panther also gives access to other BrowserKit-based implementations of
Client
and Crawler
. Unlike Panther's native client, these alternative
clients don't support JavaScript, CSS and screenshot capturing, but are way
faster. Two alternative clients are available:
- The first directly manipulates the Symfony kernel provided by
WebTestCase
. It is the fastest client available, but it is only available for Symfony applications. - The second leverages HttpBrowser.
It is an intermediate between Symfony's kernel and Panther's test clients.
HttpBrowser
sends real HTTP requests using the HttpClient component. It is fast and is able to browse any webpage, not only the ones of the application under test. However, HttpBrowser doesn't support JavaScript and other advanced features because it is entirely written in PHP. This one can be used in any PHP application.
Because all clients implement the exact same API, you can switch from one to another just by calling the appropriate factory method, resulting in a good trade-off for every single test case: if JavaScript is needed or not, if an authentication against an external SSO has to be done, etc.
Here is how to retrieve instances of these clients:
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namespace App\Tests;
use Symfony\Component\Panther\Client;
use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class AppTest extends PantherTestCase
{
public function testMyApp(): void
{
// retrieve an existing client
$symfonyClient = static::createClient();
$httpBrowserClient = static::createHttpBrowserClient();
$pantherClient = static::createPantherClient();
$firefoxClient = static::createPantherClient(['browser' => static::FIREFOX]);
// create a custom client
$customChromeClient = Client::createChromeClient(null, null, [], 'https://example.com');
$customFirefoxClient = Client::createFirefoxClient(null, null, [], 'https://example.com');
$customSeleniumClient = Client::createSeleniumClient('http://127.0.0.1:4444/wd/hub', null, 'https://example.com');
// if you are testing a Symfony app, you also have access to the kernel
$kernel = static::createKernel();
// ...
}
}
Note
When initializing a custom client, the integrated web server is not started
automatically. Use PantherTestCase::startWebServer()
or the WebServerManager
class if you want to start it manually.
Testing Real-Time Applications
Panther provides a convenient way to test applications with real-time capabilities which use Mercure, WebSocket and similar technologies.
The PantherTestCase::createAdditionalPantherClient()
method can create
additional, isolated browsers which can interact with other ones. For instance,
this can be useful to test a chat application having several users
connected simultaneously:
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use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class ChatTest extends PantherTestCase
{
public function testChat(): void
{
$client1 = self::createPantherClient();
$client1->request('GET', '/chat');
// connect a 2nd user using an isolated browser
$client2 = self::createAdditionalPantherClient();
$client2->request('GET', '/chat');
$client2->submitForm('Post message', ['message' => 'Hi folks !']);
// wait for the message to be received by the first client
$client1->waitFor('.message');
// Symfony Assertions are *always* executed in the primary browser
$this->assertSelectorTextContains('.message', 'Hi folks !');
}
}
Accessing Browser Console Logs
If needed, you can use Panther to access the content of the console:
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use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class ConsoleTest extends PantherTestCase
{
public function testConsole(): void
{
$client = self::createPantherClient(
[],
[],
[
'capabilities' => [
'goog:loggingPrefs' => [
'browser' => 'ALL', // calls to console.* methods
'performance' => 'ALL', // performance data
],
],
]
);
$client->request('GET', '/');
$consoleLogs = $client->getWebDriver()->manage()->getLog('browser');
$performanceLogs = $client->getWebDriver()->manage()->getLog('performance'); // performance logs
}
}
Passing Arguments to ChromeDriver
If needed, you can configure the arguments to pass to the chromedriver
binary:
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use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class MyTest extends PantherTestCase
{
public function testLogging(): void
{
$client = self::createPantherClient(
[],
[],
[
'chromedriver_arguments' => [
'--log-path=myfile.log',
'--log-level=DEBUG'
],
]
);
$client->request('GET', '/');
}
}
Using a Proxy
To use a proxy server, you have to set the PANTHER_CHROME_ARGUMENTS
:
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# .env.test
PANTHER_CHROME_ARGUMENTS='--proxy-server=socks://127.0.0.1:9050'
Accepting Self-Signed SSL Certificates
To force Chrome to accept invalid and self-signed certificates, you can set the
following environment variable: PANTHER_CHROME_ARGUMENTS='--ignore-certificate-errors'
.
Caution
This option is insecure, use it only for testing in development environments, never in production (e.g. for web crawlers).
For Firefox, instantiate the client like this, you can do this at client creation:
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$client = Client::createFirefoxClient(null, null, ['capabilities' => ['acceptInsecureCerts' => true]]);
Using An External Web Server
Sometimes, it's convenient to reuse an existing web server configuration
instead of starting the built-in PHP one. To do so, set the
external_base_uri
option when creating your client:
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namespace App\Tests;
use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class E2eTest extends PantherTestCase
{
public function testMyApp(): void
{
$pantherClient = static::createPantherClient(['external_base_uri' => 'https://localhost']);
// ...
}
}
Note
When using an external web server, Panther will not start the built-in PHP web server.
Having a Multi-domain Application
It happens that your PHP/Symfony application might serve several different domain names. As Panther saves the client in memory between tests to improve performance, you will have to run your tests in separate processes if you write several tests using Panther for different domain names.
To do so, you can use the native @runInSeparateProcess
PHPUnit annotation.
Here is an example using the external_base_uri
option to determine the
domain name used by the client when using separate processes:
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// tests/FirstDomainTest.php
namespace App\Tests;
use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class FirstDomainTest extends PantherTestCase
{
/**
* @runInSeparateProcess
*/
public function testMyApp(): void
{
$pantherClient = static::createPantherClient([
'external_base_uri' => 'http://mydomain.localhost:8000',
]);
// ...
}
}
// tests/SecondDomainTest.php
namespace App\Tests;
use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCase;
class SecondDomainTest extends PantherTestCase
{
/**
* @runInSeparateProcess
*/
public function testMyApp(): void
{
$pantherClient = static::createPantherClient([
'external_base_uri' => 'http://anotherdomain.localhost:8000',
]);
// ...
}
}
Usage With Other Testing Tools
If you want to use Panther with other testing tools like LiipFunctionalTestBundle
or if you just need to use a different base class, you can use the
Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCaseTrait
to enhance your existing
test-infrastructure with some Panther mechanisms:
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namespace App\Tests\Controller;
use Liip\FunctionalTestBundle\Test\WebTestCase;
use Symfony\Component\Panther\PantherTestCaseTrait;
class DefaultControllerTest extends WebTestCase
{
use PantherTestCaseTrait;
public function testWithFixtures(): void
{
$this->loadFixtures([]); // load your fixtures
$client = self::createPantherClient(); // create your panther client
$client->request('GET', '/');
// ...
}
}
Configuring Panther Through Environment Variables
The following environment variables can be set to change some Panther's behavior:
PANTHER_NO_HEADLESS
- Disable the browser's headless mode (will display the testing window, useful to debug)
PANTHER_WEB_SERVER_DIR
-
Change the project's document root (default to
./public/
, relative paths must start by./
) PANTHER_WEB_SERVER_PORT
-
Change the web server's port (default to
9080
) PANTHER_WEB_SERVER_ROUTER
- Use a web server router script which is run at the start of each HTTP request
PANTHER_EXTERNAL_BASE_URI
- Use an external web server (the PHP built-in web server will not be started)
PANTHER_APP_ENV
-
Override the
APP_ENV
variable passed to the web server running the PHP app PANTHER_ERROR_SCREENSHOT_DIR
-
Set a base directory for your failure/error screenshots (e.g.
./var/error-screenshots
) PANTHER_DEVTOOLS
-
Toggle the browser's dev tools (default
enabled
, useful to debug) PANTHER_ERROR_SCREENSHOT_ATTACH
- Add screenshots mentioned above to test output in junit attachment format
Chrome Specific Environment Variables
PANTHER_NO_SANDBOX
- Disable Chrome's sandboxing (unsafe, but allows to use Panther in containers)
PANTHER_CHROME_ARGUMENTS
-
Customize Chrome arguments. You need to set
PANTHER_NO_HEADLESS
to fully customize PANTHER_CHROME_BINARY
-
To use another
google-chrome
binary
Firefox Specific Environment Variables
PANTHER_FIREFOX_ARGUMENTS
-
Customize Firefox arguments. You need to set
PANTHER_NO_HEADLESS
to fully customize PANTHER_FIREFOX_BINARY
-
To use another
firefox
binary
Interactive Mode
Panther can make a pause in your tests suites after a failure.
Thanks to this break time, you can investigate the encountered problem through
the web browser. To enable this mode, you need the --debug
PHPUnit option
without the headless mode:
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$ PANTHER_NO_HEADLESS=1 bin/phpunit --debug
Test 'App\AdminTest::testLogin' started
Error: something is wrong.
Press enter to continue...
To use the interactive mode, the PHPUnit extension has to be registered.
Docker Integration
Here is a minimal Docker image that can run Panther with both Chrome and Firefox:
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FROM php:alpine
# Chromium and ChromeDriver
ENV PANTHER_NO_SANDBOX 1
# Not mandatory, but recommended
ENV PANTHER_CHROME_ARGUMENTS='--disable-dev-shm-usage'
RUN apk add --no-cache chromium chromium-chromedriver
# Firefox and GeckoDriver (optional)
ARG GECKODRIVER_VERSION=0.28.0
RUN apk add --no-cache firefox libzip-dev; \
docker-php-ext-install zip
RUN wget -q https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/download/v$GECKODRIVER_VERSION/geckodriver-v$GECKODRIVER_VERSION-linux64.tar.gz; \
tar -zxf geckodriver-v$GECKODRIVER_VERSION-linux64.tar.gz -C /usr/bin; \
rm geckodriver-v$GECKODRIVER_VERSION-linux64.tar.gz
You can then build and run your image:
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$ docker build . -t myproject
$ docker run -it -v "$PWD":/srv/myproject -w /srv/myproject myproject bin/phpunit
Integrating Panther In Your CI
Github Actions
Panther works out of the box with GitHub Actions.
Here is a minimal .github/workflows/panther.yaml
file to run Panther tests:
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name: Run Panther tests
on: [ push, pull_request ]
jobs:
tests:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: "ramsey/composer-install@v2"
- name: Install dependencies
run: composer install -q --no-ansi --no-interaction --no-scripts --no-progress --prefer-dist
- name: Run test suite
run: bin/phpunit
Travis CI
Panther will work out of the box with Travis CI if you add the Chrome addon.
Here is a minimal .travis.yaml
file to run Panther tests:
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language: php
addons:
# If you don't use Chrome, or Firefox, remove the corresponding line
chrome: stable
firefox: latest
php:
- 8.0
script:
- bin/phpunit
Gitlab CI
Here is a minimal .gitlab-ci.yaml
file to run Panther tests
with Gitlab CI:
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image: ubuntu
before_script:
- apt-get update
- apt-get install software-properties-common -y
- ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris /etc/localtime
- apt-get install curl wget php php-cli php8.1 php8.1-common php8.1-curl php8.1-intl php8.1-xml php8.1-opcache php8.1-mbstring php8.1-zip libfontconfig1 fontconfig libxrender-dev libfreetype6 libxrender1 zlib1g-dev xvfb chromium-chromedriver firefox-geckodriver -y -qq
- export PANTHER_NO_SANDBOX=1
- export PANTHER_WEB_SERVER_PORT=9080
- php -r "copy('https://getcomposer.org/installer', 'composer-setup.php');"
- php composer-setup.php --install-dir=/usr/local/bin --filename=composer
- php -r "unlink('composer-setup.php');"
- composer install -q --no-ansi --no-interaction --no-scripts --no-progress --prefer-dist
test:
script:
- bin/phpunit
AppVeyor
Panther will work out of the box with AppVeyor as long as Google Chrome
is installed. Here is a minimal appveyor.yaml
file to run Panther tests:
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build: false
platform: x86
clone_folder: c:\projects\myproject
cache:
- '%LOCALAPPDATA%\Composer\files'
install:
- ps: Set-Service wuauserv -StartupType Manual
- cinst -y php composer googlechrome chromedriver firfox selenium-gecko-driver
- refreshenv
- cd c:\tools\php80
- copy php.ini-production php.ini /Y
- echo date.timezone="UTC" >> php.ini
- echo extension_dir=ext >> php.ini
- echo extension=php_openssl.dll >> php.ini
- echo extension=php_mbstring.dll >> php.ini
- echo extension=php_curl.dll >> php.ini
- echo memory_limit=3G >> php.ini
- cd %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%
- composer install -q --no-ansi --no-interaction --no-scripts --no-progress --prefer-dist
test_script:
- cd %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%
- php bin\phpunit
Known Limitations and Troubleshooting
The following features are not currently supported:
- Crawling XML documents (only HTML is supported)
- Updating existing documents (browsers are mostly used to consume data, not to create webpages)
- Setting form values using the multidimensional PHP array syntax
- Methods returning an instance of
\DOMElement
(because this library usesWebDriverElement
internally) - Selecting invalid choices in select
Also, there is a known issue if you are using Bootstrap 5. It implements a
scrolling effect which tends to mislead Panther. To fix this, we advise you to
deactivate this effect by setting the Bootstrap 5 $enable-smooth-scroll
variable to false
in your style file:
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$enable-smooth-scroll: false;
Assets not Loading when Using the PHP Built-In Server
Sometimes, your assets might not load during tests. This happens because Panther
uses the PHP built-in server to serve your app. If asset files (or any requested
URI that's not a .php
file) aren't in your public directory, the built-in
server will return a 404 error. This often happens when letting the AssetMapper component
handle your application assets in the dev
environment.
One solution when using AssetMapper is to compile assets before running your tests. This will also speed up your tests, as Symfony won't need to handle the assets, allowing the PHP built-in server to serve them directly.
Another option is to create a file called tests/router.php
and add the following to it:
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// tests/router.php
if (is_file($_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'].\DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'])) {
return false;
}
$script = 'index.php';
$_SERVER = array_merge($_SERVER, $_ENV);
$_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME'] = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'].\DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$script;
$_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] = \DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$script;
$_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] = \DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR.$script;
require $script;
Then declare it as a router for Panther server in phpunit.xml.dist
using the
PANTHER_WEB_SERVER_ROUTER
environment variable:
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<!-- phpunit.xml.dist -->
<phpunit>
<!-- ... -->
<php>
<!-- ... -->
<server name="PANTHER_WEB_SERVER_ROUTER" value="./tests/router.php"/>
</php>
</phpunit>
See also
See the Functional Testing tutorial on SymfonyCasts.
Additional Documentation
Since Panther implements the API of popular libraries, you can find even more documentation:
- For the
Client
class, by reading the BrowserKit component page - For the
Crawler
class, by reading the DomCrawler component page - For WebDriver, by reading the PHP WebDriver documentation