The HttpFoundation Component

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Before diving into the framework creation process, let's first step back and let's take a look at why you would like to use a framework instead of keeping your plain-old PHP applications as is. Why using a framework is actually a good idea, even for the simplest snippet of code and why creating your framework on top of the Symfony components is better than creating a framework from scratch.

Note

We won't talk about the traditional benefits of using a framework when working on big applications with more than a few developers; the Internet already has plenty of good resources on that topic.

Even if the "application" we wrote in the previous chapter was simple enough, it suffers from a few problems:

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// framework/index.php
$name = $_GET['name'];

printf('Hello %s', $name);

First, if the name query parameter is not defined in the URL query string, you will get a PHP warning; so let's fix it:

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// framework/index.php
$name = $_GET['name'] ?? 'World';

printf('Hello %s', $name);

Then, this application is not secure. Can you believe it? Even this simple snippet of PHP code is vulnerable to one of the most widespread Internet security issue, XSS (Cross-Site Scripting). Here is a more secure version:

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$name = $_GET['name'] ?? 'World';

header('Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8');

printf('Hello %s', htmlspecialchars($name, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8'));

Note

As you might have noticed, securing your code with htmlspecialchars is tedious and error prone. That's one of the reasons why using a template engine like Twig, where auto-escaping is enabled by default, might be a good idea (and explicit escaping is also less painful with the usage of a simple e filter).

As you can see for yourself, the simple code we had written first is not that simple anymore if we want to avoid PHP warnings/notices and make the code more secure.

Beyond security, this code can be complex to test. Even if there is not much to test, it strikes me that writing unit tests for the simplest possible snippet of PHP code is not natural and feels ugly. Here is a tentative PHPUnit unit test for the above code:

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// framework/test.php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class IndexTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testHello()
    {
        $_GET['name'] = 'Fabien';

        ob_start();
        include 'index.php';
        $content = ob_get_clean();

        $this->assertEquals('Hello Fabien', $content);
    }
}

Note

If our application were just slightly bigger, we would have been able to find even more problems. If you are curious about them, read the Symfony versus Flat PHP chapter of the book.

At this point, if you are not convinced that security and testing are indeed two very good reasons to stop writing code the old way and adopt a framework instead (whatever adopting a framework means in this context), you can stop reading this book now and go back to whatever code you were working on before.

Note

Using a framework should give you more than just security and testability, but the more important thing to keep in mind is that the framework you choose must allow you to write better code faster.

Going OOP with the HttpFoundation Component

Writing web code is about interacting with HTTP. So, the fundamental principles of our framework should be around the HTTP specification.

The HTTP specification describes how a client (a browser for instance) interacts with a server (our application via a web server). The dialog between the client and the server is specified by well-defined messages, requests and responses: the client sends a request to the server and based on this request, the server returns a response.

In PHP, the request is represented by global variables ($_GET, $_POST, $_FILE, $_COOKIE, $_SESSION...) and the response is generated by functions (echo, header, setcookie, ...).

The first step towards better code is probably to use an Object-Oriented approach; that's the main goal of the Symfony HttpFoundation component: replacing the default PHP global variables and functions by an Object-Oriented layer.

To use this component, add it as a dependency of the project:

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$ composer require symfony/http-foundation

Running this command will also automatically download the Symfony HttpFoundation component and install it under the vendor/ directory. A composer.json and a composer.lock file will be generated as well, containing the new requirement.

Class Autoloading

When installing a new dependency, Composer also generates a vendor/autoload.php file that allows any class to be autoloaded. Without autoloading, you would need to require the file where a class is defined before being able to use it. But thanks to PSR-4, we can just let Composer and PHP do the hard work for us.

Now, let's rewrite our application by using the Request and the Response classes:

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// framework/index.php
require_once __DIR__.'/vendor/autoload.php';

use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Request;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

$request = Request::createFromGlobals();

$name = $request->query->get('name', 'World');

$response = new Response(sprintf('Hello %s', htmlspecialchars($name, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8')));

$response->send();

The createFromGlobals() method creates a Request object based on the current PHP global variables.

The send() method sends the Response object back to the client (it first outputs the HTTP headers followed by the content).

Tip

Before the send() call, we should have added a call to the prepare() method ($response->prepare($request);) to ensure that our Response were compliant with the HTTP specification. For instance, if we were to call the page with the HEAD method, it would remove the content of the Response.

The main difference with the previous code is that you have total control of the HTTP messages. You can create whatever request you want and you are in charge of sending the response whenever you see fit.

Note

We haven't explicitly set the Content-Type header in the rewritten code as the charset of the Response object defaults to UTF-8.

With the Request class, you have all the request information at your fingertips thanks to a nice and simple API:

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// the URI being requested (e.g. /about) minus any query parameters
$request->getPathInfo();

// retrieve GET and POST variables respectively
$request->query->get('foo');
$request->request->get('bar', 'default value if bar does not exist');

// retrieve SERVER variables
$request->server->get('HTTP_HOST');

// retrieves an instance of UploadedFile identified by foo
$request->files->get('foo');

// retrieve a COOKIE value
$request->cookies->get('PHPSESSID');

// retrieve an HTTP request header, with normalized, lowercase keys
$request->headers->get('host');
$request->headers->get('content-type');

$request->getMethod();    // GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD
$request->getLanguages(); // an array of languages the client accepts

You can also simulate a request:

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$request = Request::create('/index.php?name=Fabien');

With the Response class, you can tweak the response:

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$response = new Response();

$response->setContent('Hello world!');
$response->setStatusCode(200);
$response->headers->set('Content-Type', 'text/html');

// configure the HTTP cache headers
$response->setMaxAge(10);

Tip

To debug a response, cast it to a string; it will return the HTTP representation of the response (headers and content).

Last but not least, these classes, like every other class in the Symfony code, have been audited for security issues by an independent company. And being an Open-Source project also means that many other developers around the world have read the code and have already fixed potential security problems. When was the last time you ordered a professional security audit for your home-made framework?

Even something as simple as getting the client IP address can be insecure:

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if ($myIp === $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) {
    // the client is a known one, so give it some more privilege
}

It works perfectly fine until you add a reverse proxy in front of the production servers; at this point, you will have to change your code to make it work on both your development machine (where you don't have a proxy) and your servers:

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if ($myIp === $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] || $myIp === $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']) {
    // the client is a known one, so give it some more privilege
}

Using the Request::getClientIp() method would have given you the right behavior from day one (and it would have covered the case where you have chained proxies):

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$request = Request::createFromGlobals();

if ($myIp === $request->getClientIp()) {
    // the client is a known one, so give it some more privilege
}

And there is an added benefit: it is secure by default. What does it mean? The $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] value cannot be trusted as it can be manipulated by the end user when there is no proxy. So, if you are using this code in production without a proxy, it becomes trivially easy to abuse your system. That's not the case with the getClientIp() method as you must explicitly trust your reverse proxies by calling setTrustedProxies():

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Request::setTrustedProxies(['10.0.0.1'], Request::HEADER_X_FORWARDED_FOR);

if ($myIp === $request->getClientIp()) {
    // the client is a known one, so give it some more privilege
}

So, the getClientIp() method works securely in all circumstances. You can use it in all your projects, whatever the configuration is, it will behave correctly and safely. That's one of the goals of using a framework. If you were to write a framework from scratch, you would have to think about all these cases by yourself. Why not use a technology that already works?

Note

If you want to learn more about the HttpFoundation component, you can have a look at the Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation API or read its dedicated documentation.

Believe it or not but we have our first framework. You can stop now if you want. Using just the Symfony HttpFoundation component already allows you to write better and more testable code. It also allows you to write code faster as many day-to-day problems have already been solved for you.

As a matter of fact, projects like Drupal have adopted the HttpFoundation component; if it works for them, it will probably work for you. Don't reinvent the wheel.

I've almost forgotten to talk about one added benefit: using the HttpFoundation component is the start of better interoperability between all frameworks and applications using it (like Symfony, Drupal 8, phpBB 3, Laravel and ezPublish 5, and more).

This work, including the code samples, is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license.
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