The DomCrawler Component
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The DomCrawler Component
The DomCrawler component eases DOM navigation for HTML and XML documents.
Note
While possible, the DomCrawler component is not designed for manipulation of the DOM or re-dumping HTML/XML.
Installation
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$ composer require symfony/dom-crawler
Note
If you install this component outside of a Symfony application, you must
require the vendor/autoload.php
file in your code to enable the class
autoloading mechanism provided by Composer. Read
this article for more details.
Usage
See also
This article explains how to use the DomCrawler features as an independent component in any PHP application. Read the Symfony Functional Tests article to learn about how to use it when creating Symfony tests.
The Crawler class provides methods to query and manipulate HTML and XML documents.
An instance of the Crawler represents a set of DOMElement objects, which are nodes that can be traversed as follows:
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use Symfony\Component\DomCrawler\Crawler;
$html = <<<'HTML'
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p class="message">Hello World!</p>
<p>Hello Crawler!</p>
</body>
</html>
HTML;
$crawler = new Crawler($html);
foreach ($crawler as $domElement) {
var_dump($domElement->nodeName);
}
Specialized Link, Image and Form classes are useful for interacting with html links, images and forms as you traverse through the HTML tree.
Note
The DomCrawler will attempt to automatically fix your HTML to match the
official specification. For example, if you nest a <p>
tag inside
another <p>
tag, it will be moved to be a sibling of the parent tag.
This is expected and is part of the HTML5 spec. But if you're getting
unexpected behavior, this could be a cause. And while the DomCrawler
isn't meant to dump content, you can see the "fixed" version of your HTML
by dumping it.
Node Filtering
Using XPath expressions, you can select specific nodes within the document:
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$crawler = $crawler->filterXPath('descendant-or-self::body/p');
Tip
DOMXPath::query
is used internally to actually perform an XPath query.
If you prefer CSS selectors over XPath, install The CssSelector Component. It allows you to use jQuery-like selectors:
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$crawler = $crawler->filter('body > p');
An anonymous function can be used to filter with more complex criteria:
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use Symfony\Component\DomCrawler\Crawler;
// ...
$crawler = $crawler
->filter('body > p')
->reduce(function (Crawler $node, $i): bool {
// filters every other node
return ($i % 2) === 0;
});
To remove a node, the anonymous function must return false
.
Note
All filter methods return a new Crawler
instance with the filtered content. To check if the filter actually
found something, use $crawler->count() > 0
on this new crawler.
Both the filterXPath() and filter() methods work with XML namespaces, which can be either automatically discovered or registered explicitly.
Consider the XML below:
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<entry
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/"
xmlns:yt="http://gdata.youtube.com/schemas/2007"
>
<id>tag:youtube.com,2008:video:kgZRZmEc9j4</id>
<yt:accessControl action="comment" permission="allowed"/>
<yt:accessControl action="videoRespond" permission="moderated"/>
<media:group>
<media:title type="plain">Chordates - CrashCourse Biology #24</media:title>
<yt:aspectRatio>widescreen</yt:aspectRatio>
</media:group>
</entry>
This can be filtered with the Crawler
without needing to register namespace
aliases both with filterXPath():
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$crawler = $crawler->filterXPath('//default:entry/media:group//yt:aspectRatio');
and filter():
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$crawler = $crawler->filter('default|entry media|group yt|aspectRatio');
Note
The default namespace is registered with a prefix "default". It can be changed with the setDefaultNamespacePrefix() method.
The default namespace is removed when loading the content if it's the only namespace in the document. It's done to simplify the XPath queries.
Namespaces can be explicitly registered with the registerNamespace() method:
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$crawler->registerNamespace('m', 'http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/');
$crawler = $crawler->filterXPath('//m:group//yt:aspectRatio');
Verify if the current node matches a selector:
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$crawler->matches('p.lorem');
Node Traversing
Access node by its position on the list:
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$crawler->filter('body > p')->eq(0);
Get the first or last node of the current selection:
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$crawler->filter('body > p')->first();
$crawler->filter('body > p')->last();
Get the nodes of the same level as the current selection:
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$crawler->filter('body > p')->siblings();
Get the same level nodes after or before the current selection:
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$crawler->filter('body > p')->nextAll();
$crawler->filter('body > p')->previousAll();
Get all the child or ancestor nodes:
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$crawler->filter('body')->children();
$crawler->filter('body > p')->ancestors();
Get all the direct child nodes matching a CSS selector:
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$crawler->filter('body')->children('p.lorem');
Get the first parent (heading toward the document root) of the element that matches the provided selector:
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$crawler->closest('p.lorem');
Note
All the traversal methods return a new Crawler instance.
Accessing Node Values
Access the node name (HTML tag name) of the first node of the current selection (e.g. "p" or "div"):
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// returns the node name (HTML tag name) of the first child element under <body>
$tag = $crawler->filterXPath('//body/*')->nodeName();
Access the value of the first node of the current selection:
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// if the node does not exist, calling to text() will result in an exception
$message = $crawler->filterXPath('//body/p')->text();
// avoid the exception passing an argument that text() returns when node does not exist
$message = $crawler->filterXPath('//body/p')->text('Default text content');
// by default, text() trims white spaces, including the internal ones
// (e.g. " foo\n bar baz \n " is returned as "foo bar baz")
// pass FALSE as the second argument to return the original text unchanged
$crawler->filterXPath('//body/p')->text('Default text content', false);
// innerText() is similar to text() but only returns the text that is
// the direct descendant of the current node, excluding any child nodes
$text = $crawler->filterXPath('//body/p')->innerText();
// if content is <p>Foo <span>Bar</span></p>
// innerText() returns 'Foo' and text() returns 'Foo Bar'
Access the attribute value of the first node of the current selection:
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$class = $crawler->filterXPath('//body/p')->attr('class');
Extract attribute and/or node values from the list of nodes:
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$attributes = $crawler
->filterXpath('//body/p')
->extract(['_name', '_text', 'class'])
;
Note
Special attribute _text
represents a node value, while _name
represents the element name (the HTML tag name).
Call an anonymous function on each node of the list:
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use Symfony\Component\DomCrawler\Crawler;
// ...
$nodeValues = $crawler->filter('p')->each(function (Crawler $node, $i): string {
return $node->text();
});
The anonymous function receives the node (as a Crawler) and the position as arguments. The result is an array of values returned by the anonymous function calls.
When using nested crawler, beware that filterXPath()
is evaluated in the
context of the crawler:
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$crawler->filterXPath('parent')->each(function (Crawler $parentCrawler, $i): avoid {
// DON'T DO THIS: direct child can not be found
$subCrawler = $parentCrawler->filterXPath('sub-tag/sub-child-tag');
// DO THIS: specify the parent tag too
$subCrawler = $parentCrawler->filterXPath('parent/sub-tag/sub-child-tag');
$subCrawler = $parentCrawler->filterXPath('node()/sub-tag/sub-child-tag');
});
Adding the Content
The crawler supports multiple ways of adding the content, but they are mutually
exclusive, so you can only use one of them to add content (e.g. if you pass the
content to the Crawler
constructor, you can't call addContent()
later):
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$crawler = new Crawler('<html><body/></html>');
$crawler->addHtmlContent('<html><body/></html>');
$crawler->addXmlContent('<root><node/></root>');
$crawler->addContent('<html><body/></html>');
$crawler->addContent('<root><node/></root>', 'text/xml');
$crawler->add('<html><body/></html>');
$crawler->add('<root><node/></root>');
Note
The addHtmlContent() and addXmlContent() methods default to UTF-8 encoding but you can change this behavior with their second optional argument.
The addContent() method
guesses the best charset according to the given contents and defaults to
ISO-8859-1
in case no charset can be guessed.
As the Crawler's implementation is based on the DOM extension, it is also able to interact with native DOMDocument, DOMNodeList and DOMNode objects:
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$domDocument = new \DOMDocument();
$domDocument->loadXml('<root><node/><node/></root>');
$nodeList = $domDocument->getElementsByTagName('node');
$node = $domDocument->getElementsByTagName('node')->item(0);
$crawler->addDocument($domDocument);
$crawler->addNodeList($nodeList);
$crawler->addNodes([$node]);
$crawler->addNode($node);
$crawler->add($domDocument);
Manipulating and Dumping a Crawler
These methods on the Crawler
are intended to initially populate your
Crawler
and aren't intended to be used to further manipulate a DOM
(though this is possible). However, since the Crawler
is a set of
DOMElement objects, you can use any method or property available
on DOMElement, DOMNode or DOMDocument.
For example, you could get the HTML of a Crawler
with something like
this:
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$html = '';
foreach ($crawler as $domElement) {
$html .= $domElement->ownerDocument->saveHTML($domElement);
}
Or you can get the HTML of the first node using html():
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// if the node does not exist, calling to html() will result in an exception
$html = $crawler->html();
// avoid the exception passing an argument that html() returns when node does not exist
$html = $crawler->html('Default <strong>HTML</strong> content');
Or you can get the outer HTML of the first node using outerHtml():
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$html = $crawler->outerHtml();
Expression Evaluation
The evaluate()
method evaluates the given XPath expression. The return
value depends on the XPath expression. If the expression evaluates to a scalar
value (e.g. HTML attributes), an array of results will be returned. If the
expression evaluates to a DOM document, a new Crawler
instance will be
returned.
This behavior is best illustrated with examples:
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use Symfony\Component\DomCrawler\Crawler;
$html = '<html>
<body>
<span id="article-100" class="article">Article 1</span>
<span id="article-101" class="article">Article 2</span>
<span id="article-102" class="article">Article 3</span>
</body>
</html>';
$crawler = new Crawler();
$crawler->addHtmlContent($html);
$crawler->filterXPath('//span[contains(@id, "article-")]')->evaluate('substring-after(@id, "-")');
/* Result:
[
0 => '100',
1 => '101',
2 => '102',
];
*/
$crawler->evaluate('substring-after(//span[contains(@id, "article-")]/@id, "-")');
/* Result:
[
0 => '100',
]
*/
$crawler->filterXPath('//span[@class="article"]')->evaluate('count(@id)');
/* Result:
[
0 => 1.0,
1 => 1.0,
2 => 1.0,
]
*/
$crawler->evaluate('count(//span[@class="article"])');
/* Result:
[
0 => 3.0,
]
*/
$crawler->evaluate('//span[1]');
// A Symfony\Component\DomCrawler\Crawler instance
Links
Use the filter()
method to find links by their id
or class
attributes and use the selectLink()
method to find links by their content
(it also finds clickable images with that content in its alt
attribute).
Both methods return a Crawler
instance with just the selected link. Use the
link()
method to get the Link object
that represents the link:
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// first, select the link by id, class or content...
$linkCrawler = $crawler->filter('#sign-up');
$linkCrawler = $crawler->filter('.user-profile');
$linkCrawler = $crawler->selectLink('Log in');
// ...then, get the Link object:
$link = $linkCrawler->link();
// or do all this at once:
$link = $crawler->filter('#sign-up')->link();
$link = $crawler->filter('.user-profile')->link();
$link = $crawler->selectLink('Log in')->link();
The Link object has several useful methods to get more information about the selected link itself:
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// returns the proper URI that can be used to make another request
$uri = $link->getUri();
Note
The getUri()
is especially useful as it cleans the href
value and
transforms it into how it should really be processed. For example, for a
link with href="#foo"
, this would return the full URI of the current
page suffixed with #foo
. The return from getUri()
is always a full
URI that you can act on.
Images
To find an image by its alt
attribute, use the selectImage
method on an
existing crawler. This returns a Crawler
instance with just the selected
image(s). Calling image()
gives you a special
Image object:
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$imagesCrawler = $crawler->selectImage('Kitten');
$image = $imagesCrawler->image();
// or do this all at once
$image = $crawler->selectImage('Kitten')->image();
Forms
Special treatment is also given to forms. A selectButton()
method is
available on the Crawler which returns another Crawler that matches <button>
or <input type="submit">
or <input type="button">
elements (or an
<img>
element inside them). The string given as argument is looked for in
the id
, alt
, name
, and value
attributes and the text content of
those elements.
This method is especially useful because you can use it to return a Form object that represents the form that the button lives in:
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// button example: <button id="my-super-button" type="submit">My super button</button>
// you can get button by its label
$form = $crawler->selectButton('My super button')->form();
// or by button id (#my-super-button) if the button doesn't have a label
$form = $crawler->selectButton('my-super-button')->form();
// or you can filter the whole form, for example a form has a class attribute: <form class="form-vertical" method="POST">
$crawler->filter('.form-vertical')->form();
// or "fill" the form fields with data
$form = $crawler->selectButton('my-super-button')->form([
'name' => 'Ryan',
]);
The Form object has lots of very useful methods for working with forms:
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$uri = $form->getUri();
$method = $form->getMethod();
$name = $form->getName();
The getUri() method does more
than just return the action
attribute of the form. If the form method
is GET, then it mimics the browser's behavior and returns the action
attribute followed by a query string of all of the form's values.
Note
The optional formaction
and formmethod
button attributes are
supported. The getUri()
and getMethod()
methods take into account
those attributes to always return the right action and method depending on
the button used to get the form.
You can virtually set and get values on the form:
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// sets values on the form internally
$form->setValues([
'registration[username]' => 'symfonyfan',
'registration[terms]' => 1,
]);
// gets back an array of values - in the "flat" array like above
$values = $form->getValues();
// returns the values like PHP would see them,
// where "registration" is its own array
$values = $form->getPhpValues();
To work with multi-dimensional fields:
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<form>
<input name="multi[]"/>
<input name="multi[]"/>
<input name="multi[dimensional]"/>
<input name="multi[dimensional][]" value="1"/>
<input name="multi[dimensional][]" value="2"/>
<input name="multi[dimensional][]" value="3"/>
</form>
Pass an array of values:
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// sets a single field
$form->setValues(['multi' => ['value']]);
// sets multiple fields at once
$form->setValues(['multi' => [
1 => 'value',
'dimensional' => 'an other value',
]]);
// tick multiple checkboxes at once
$form->setValues(['multi' => [
'dimensional' => [1, 3] // it uses the input value to determine which checkbox to tick
]]);
This is great, but it gets better! The Form
object allows you to interact
with your form like a browser, selecting radio values, ticking checkboxes,
and uploading files:
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$form['registration[username]']->setValue('symfonyfan');
// checks or unchecks a checkbox
$form['registration[terms]']->tick();
$form['registration[terms]']->untick();
// selects an option
$form['registration[birthday][year]']->select(1984);
// selects many options from a "multiple" select
$form['registration[interests]']->select(['symfony', 'cookies']);
// fakes a file upload
$form['registration[photo]']->upload('/path/to/lucas.jpg');
Using the Form Data
What's the point of doing all of this? If you're testing internally, you can grab the information off of your form as if it had just been submitted by using the PHP values:
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$values = $form->getPhpValues();
$files = $form->getPhpFiles();
If you're using an external HTTP client, you can use the form to grab all of the information you need to create a POST request for the form:
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$uri = $form->getUri();
$method = $form->getMethod();
$values = $form->getValues();
$files = $form->getFiles();
// now use some HTTP client and post using this information
One great example of an integrated system that uses all of this is the HttpBrowser provided by the BrowserKit component. It understands the Symfony Crawler object and can use it to submit forms directly:
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use Symfony\Component\BrowserKit\HttpBrowser;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\HttpClient;
// makes a real request to an external site
$browser = new HttpBrowser(HttpClient::create());
$crawler = $browser->request('GET', 'https://github.com/login');
// select the form and fill in some values
$form = $crawler->selectButton('Sign in')->form();
$form['login'] = 'symfonyfan';
$form['password'] = 'anypass';
// submits the given form
$crawler = $browser->submit($form);
Selecting Invalid Choice Values
By default, choice fields (select, radio) have internal validation activated
to prevent you from setting invalid values. If you want to be able to set
invalid values, you can use the disableValidation()
method on either
the whole form or specific field(s):
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// disables validation for a specific field
$form['country']->disableValidation()->select('Invalid value');
// disables validation for the whole form
$form->disableValidation();
$form['country']->select('Invalid value');
Resolving a URI
The UriResolver class takes a URI (relative, absolute, fragment, etc.) and turns it into an absolute URI against another given base URI:
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use Symfony\Component\DomCrawler\UriResolver;
UriResolver::resolve('/foo', 'http://localhost/bar/foo/'); // http://localhost/foo
UriResolver::resolve('?a=b', 'http://localhost/bar#foo'); // http://localhost/bar?a=b
UriResolver::resolve('../../', 'http://localhost/'); // http://localhost/