HTTP Client

Warning: You are browsing the documentation for Symfony 7.0, which is no longer maintained.

Read the updated version of this page for Symfony 7.1 (the current stable version).

Installation

The HttpClient component is a low-level HTTP client with support for both PHP stream wrappers and cURL. It provides utilities to consume APIs and supports synchronous and asynchronous operations. You can install it with:

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$ composer require symfony/http-client

Basic Usage

Use the HttpClient class to make requests. In the Symfony framework, this class is available as the http_client service. This service will be autowired automatically when type-hinting for HttpClientInterface:

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use Symfony\Contracts\HttpClient\HttpClientInterface;

class SymfonyDocs
{
    public function __construct(
        private HttpClientInterface $client,
    ) {
    }

    public function fetchGitHubInformation(): array
    {
        $response = $this->client->request(
            'GET',
            'https://api.github.com/repos/symfony/symfony-docs'
        );

        $statusCode = $response->getStatusCode();
        // $statusCode = 200
        $contentType = $response->getHeaders()['content-type'][0];
        // $contentType = 'application/json'
        $content = $response->getContent();
        // $content = '{"id":521583, "name":"symfony-docs", ...}'
        $content = $response->toArray();
        // $content = ['id' => 521583, 'name' => 'symfony-docs', ...]

        return $content;
    }
}

Tip

The HTTP client is interoperable with many common HTTP client abstractions in PHP. You can also use any of these abstractions to profit from autowirings. See Interoperability for more information.

Configuration

The HTTP client contains many options you might need to take full control of the way the request is performed, including DNS pre-resolution, SSL parameters, public key pinning, etc. They can be defined globally in the configuration (to apply it to all requests) and to each request (which overrides any global configuration).

You can configure the global options using the default_options option:

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# config/packages/framework.yaml
framework:
    http_client:
        default_options:
            max_redirects: 7

You can also use the withOptions() method to retrieve a new instance of the client with new default options:

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$this->client = $client->withOptions([
    'base_uri' => 'https://...',
    'headers' => ['header-name' => 'header-value'],
    'extra' => ['my-key' => 'my-value'],
]);

Alternatively, the HttpOptions class brings most of the available options with type-hinted getters and setters:

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$this->client = $client->withOptions(
    (new HttpOptions())
        ->setBaseUri('https://...')
        ->setHeaders(['header-name' => 'header-value'])
        ->toArray()
);

Some options are described in this guide:

Check out the full http_client config reference to learn about all the options.

The HTTP client also has one configuration option called max_host_connections, this option can not be overridden by a request:

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# config/packages/framework.yaml
framework:
    http_client:
        max_host_connections: 10
        # ...

Scoping Client

It's common that some of the HTTP client options depend on the URL of the request (e.g. you must set some headers when making requests to GitHub API but not for other hosts). If that's your case, the component provides scoped clients (using ScopingHttpClient) to autoconfigure the HTTP client based on the requested URL:

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# config/packages/framework.yaml
framework:
    http_client:
        scoped_clients:
            # only requests matching scope will use these options
            github.client:
                scope: 'https://api\.github\.com'
                headers:
                    Accept: 'application/vnd.github.v3+json'
                    Authorization: 'token %env(GITHUB_API_TOKEN)%'
                # ...

            # using base_uri, relative URLs (e.g. request("GET", "/repos/symfony/symfony-docs"))
            # will default to these options
            github.client:
                base_uri: 'https://api.github.com'
                headers:
                    Accept: 'application/vnd.github.v3+json'
                    Authorization: 'token %env(GITHUB_API_TOKEN)%'
                # ...

You can define several scopes, so that each set of options is added only if a requested URL matches one of the regular expressions set by the scope option.

If you use scoped clients in the Symfony framework, you must use any of the methods defined by Symfony to choose a specific service. Each client has a unique service named after its configuration.

Each scoped client also defines a corresponding named autowiring alias. If you use for example Symfony\Contracts\HttpClient\HttpClientInterface $githubClient as the type and name of an argument, autowiring will inject the github.client service into your autowired classes.

Note

Read the base_uri option docs to learn the rules applied when merging relative URIs into the base URI of the scoped client.

Making Requests

The HTTP client provides a single request() method to perform all kinds of HTTP requests:

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$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://...');
$response = $client->request('POST', 'https://...');
$response = $client->request('PUT', 'https://...');
// ...

// you can add request options (or override global ones) using the 3rd argument
$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://...', [
    'headers' => [
        'Accept' => 'application/json',
    ],
]);

Responses are always asynchronous, so that the call to the method returns immediately instead of waiting to receive the response:

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// code execution continues immediately; it doesn't wait to receive the response
$response = $client->request('GET', 'http://releases.ubuntu.com/18.04.2/ubuntu-18.04.2-desktop-amd64.iso');

// getting the response headers waits until they arrive
$contentType = $response->getHeaders()['content-type'][0];

// trying to get the response content will block the execution until
// the full response content is received
$content = $response->getContent();

This component also supports streaming responses for full asynchronous applications.

Authentication

The HTTP client supports different authentication mechanisms. They can be defined globally in the configuration (to apply it to all requests) and to each request (which overrides any global authentication):

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# config/packages/framework.yaml
framework:
    http_client:
        scoped_clients:
            example_api:
                base_uri: 'https://example.com/'

                # HTTP Basic authentication
                auth_basic: 'the-username:the-password'

                # HTTP Bearer authentication (also called token authentication)
                auth_bearer: the-bearer-token

                # Microsoft NTLM authentication
                auth_ntlm: 'the-username:the-password'
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$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://...', [
    // use a different HTTP Basic authentication only for this request
    'auth_basic' => ['the-username', 'the-password'],

    // ...
]);

Note

The NTLM authentication mechanism requires using the cURL transport. By using HttpClient::createForBaseUri(), we ensure that the auth credentials won't be sent to any other hosts than https://example.com/.

Query String Parameters

You can either append them manually to the requested URL, or define them as an associative array via the query option, that will be merged with the URL:

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// it makes an HTTP GET request to https://httpbin.org/get?token=...&name=...
$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get', [
    // these values are automatically encoded before including them in the URL
    'query' => [
        'token' => '...',
        'name' => '...',
    ],
]);

Headers

Use the headers option to define the default headers added to all requests:

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# config/packages/framework.yaml
framework:
    http_client:
        default_options:
            headers:
                'User-Agent': 'My Fancy App'

You can also set new headers or override the default ones for specific requests:

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// this header is only included in this request and overrides the value
// of the same header if defined globally by the HTTP client
$response = $client->request('POST', 'https://...', [
    'headers' => [
        'Content-Type' => 'text/plain',
    ],
]);

Uploading Data

This component provides several methods for uploading data using the body option. You can use regular strings, closures, iterables and resources and they'll be processed automatically when making the requests:

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$response = $client->request('POST', 'https://...', [
    // defining data using a regular string
    'body' => 'raw data',

    // defining data using an array of parameters
    'body' => ['parameter1' => 'value1', '...'],

    // using a closure to generate the uploaded data
    'body' => function (int $size): string {
        // ...
    },

    // using a resource to get the data from it
    'body' => fopen('/path/to/file', 'r'),
]);

When uploading data with the POST method, if you don't define the Content-Type HTTP header explicitly, Symfony assumes that you're uploading form data and adds the required 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' header for you.

When the body option is set as a closure, it will be called several times until it returns the empty string, which signals the end of the body. Each time, the closure should return a string smaller than the amount requested as argument.

A generator or any Traversable can also be used instead of a closure.

Tip

When uploading JSON payloads, use the json option instead of body. The given content will be JSON-encoded automatically and the request will add the Content-Type: application/json automatically too:

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$response = $client->request('POST', 'https://...', [
    'json' => ['param1' => 'value1', '...'],
]);

$decodedPayload = $response->toArray();

To submit a form with file uploads, pass the file handle to the body option:

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$fileHandle = fopen('/path/to/the/file', 'r');
$client->request('POST', 'https://...', ['body' => ['the_file' => $fileHandle]]);

By default, this code will populate the filename and content-type with the data of the opened file, but you can configure both with the PHP streaming configuration:

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stream_context_set_option($fileHandle, 'http', 'filename', 'the-name.txt');
stream_context_set_option($fileHandle, 'http', 'content_type', 'my/content-type');

Tip

When using multidimensional arrays the FormDataPart class automatically appends [key] to the name of the field:

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$formData = new FormDataPart([
    'array_field' => [
        'some value',
        'other value',
    ],
]);

$formData->getParts(); // Returns two instances of TextPart
                       // with the names "array_field[0]" and "array_field[1]"

This behavior can be bypassed by using the following array structure:

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$formData = new FormDataPart([
    ['array_field' => 'some value'],
    ['array_field' => 'other value'],
]);

$formData->getParts(); // Returns two instances of TextPart both
                       // with the name "array_field"

By default, HttpClient streams the body contents when uploading them. This might not work with all servers, resulting in HTTP status code 411 ("Length Required") because there is no Content-Length header. The solution is to turn the body into a string with the following method (which will increase memory consumption when the streams are large):

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$client->request('POST', 'https://...', [
    // ...
    'body' => $formData->bodyToString(),
]);

If you need to add a custom HTTP header to the upload, you can do:

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$headers = $formData->getPreparedHeaders()->toArray();
$headers[] = 'X-Foo: bar';

Cookies

The HTTP client provided by this component is stateless but handling cookies requires a stateful storage (because responses can update cookies and they must be used for subsequent requests). That's why this component doesn't handle cookies automatically.

You can either send cookies with the BrowserKit component, which integrates seamlessly with the HttpClient component, or manually setting the Cookie HTTP request header as follows:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\HttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Cookie;

$client = HttpClient::create([
    'headers' => [
        // set one cookie as a name=value pair
        'Cookie' => 'flavor=chocolate',

        // you can set multiple cookies at once separating them with a ;
        'Cookie' => 'flavor=chocolate; size=medium',

        // if needed, encode the cookie value to ensure that it contains valid characters
        'Cookie' => sprintf("%s=%s", 'foo', rawurlencode('...')),
    ],
]);

Redirects

By default, the HTTP client follows redirects, up to a maximum of 20, when making a request. Use the max_redirects setting to configure this behavior (if the number of redirects is higher than the configured value, you'll get a RedirectionException):

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$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://...', [
    // 0 means to not follow any redirect
    'max_redirects' => 0,
]);

Retry Failed Requests

Sometimes, requests fail because of network issues or temporary server errors. Symfony's HttpClient allows to retry failed requests automatically using the retry_failed option.

By default, failed requests are retried up to 3 times, with an exponential delay between retries (first retry = 1 second; third retry: 4 seconds) and only for the following HTTP status codes: 423, 425, 429, 502 and 503 when using any HTTP method and 500, 504, 507 and 510 when using an HTTP idempotent method. Use the max_retries setting to configure the amount of times a request is retried.

Check out the full list of configurable retry_failed options to learn how to tweak each of them to fit your application needs.

When using the HttpClient outside of a Symfony application, use the RetryableHttpClient class to wrap your original HTTP client:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\RetryableHttpClient;

$client = new RetryableHttpClient(HttpClient::create());

The RetryableHttpClient uses a RetryStrategyInterface to decide if the request should be retried, and to define the waiting time between each retry.

Retry Over Several Base URIs

The RetryableHttpClient can be configured to use multiple base URIs. This feature provides increased flexibility and reliability for making HTTP requests. Pass an array of base URIs as option base_uri when making a request:

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$response = $client->request('GET', 'some-page', [
    'base_uri' => [
        // first request will use this base URI
        'https://example.com/a/',
        // if first request fails, the following base URI will be used
        'https://example.com/b/',
    ],
]);

When the number of retries is higher than the number of base URIs, the last base URI will be used for the remaining retries.

If you want to shuffle the order of base URIs for each retry attempt, nest the base URIs you want to shuffle in an additional array:

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$response = $client->request('GET', 'some-page', [
    'base_uri' => [
        [
            // a single random URI from this array will be used for the first request
            'https://example.com/a/',
            'https://example.com/b/',
        ],
        // non-nested base URIs are used in order
        'https://example.com/c/',
    ],
]);

This feature allows for a more randomized approach to handling retries, reducing the likelihood of repeatedly hitting the same failed base URI.

By using a nested array for the base URI, you can use this feature to distribute the load among many nodes in a cluster of servers.

You can also configure the array of base URIs using the withOptions() method:

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$client = $client->withOptions(['base_uri' => [
    'https://example.com/a/',
    'https://example.com/b/',
]]);

HTTP Proxies

By default, this component honors the standard environment variables that your Operating System defines to direct the HTTP traffic through your local proxy. This means there is usually nothing to configure to have the client work with proxies, provided these env vars are properly configured.

You can still set or override these settings using the proxy and no_proxy options:

  • proxy should be set to the http://... URL of the proxy to get through
  • no_proxy disables the proxy for a comma-separated list of hosts that do not require it to get reached.

Progress Callback

By providing a callable to the on_progress option, one can track uploads/downloads as they complete. This callback is guaranteed to be called on DNS resolution, on arrival of headers and on completion; additionally it is called when new data is uploaded or downloaded and at least once per second:

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$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://...', [
    'on_progress' => function (int $dlNow, int $dlSize, array $info): void {
        // $dlNow is the number of bytes downloaded so far
        // $dlSize is the total size to be downloaded or -1 if it is unknown
        // $info is what $response->getInfo() would return at this very time
    },
]);

Any exceptions thrown from the callback will be wrapped in an instance of TransportExceptionInterface and will abort the request.

HTTPS Certificates

HttpClient uses the system's certificate store to validate SSL certificates (while browsers use their own stores). When using self-signed certificates during development, it's recommended to create your own certificate authority (CA) and add it to your system's store.

Alternatively, you can also disable verify_host and verify_peer (see http_client config reference), but this is not recommended in production.

SSRF (Server-side request forgery) Handling

SSRF allows an attacker to induce the backend application to make HTTP requests to an arbitrary domain. These attacks can also target the internal hosts and IPs of the attacked server.

If you use an HttpClient together with user-provided URIs, it is probably a good idea to decorate it with a NoPrivateNetworkHttpClient. This will ensure local networks are made inaccessible to the HTTP client:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\HttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\NoPrivateNetworkHttpClient;

$client = new NoPrivateNetworkHttpClient(HttpClient::create());
// nothing changes when requesting public networks
$client->request('GET', 'https://example.com/');

// however, all requests to private networks are now blocked by default
$client->request('GET', 'http://localhost/');

// the second optional argument defines the networks to block
// in this example, requests from 104.26.14.0 to 104.26.15.255 will result in an exception
// but all the other requests, including other internal networks, will be allowed
$client = new NoPrivateNetworkHttpClient(HttpClient::create(), ['104.26.14.0/23']);

Profiling

When you are using the TraceableHttpClient, responses content will be kept in memory and may exhaust it.

You can disable this behavior by setting the extra.trace_content option to false in your requests:

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$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://...', [
    'extra' => ['trace_content' => false],
]);

This setting won’t affect other clients.

Using URI Templates

The UriTemplateHttpClient provides a client that eases the use of URI templates, as described in the RFC 6570:

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$client = new UriTemplateHttpClient();

// this will make a request to the URL http://example.org/users?page=1
$client->request('GET', 'http://example.org/{resource}{?page}', [
    'vars' => [
        'resource' => 'users',
        'page' => 1,
    ],
]);

Before using URI templates in your applications, you must install a third-party package that expands those URI templates to turn them into URLs:

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$ composer require league/uri

# Symfony also supports the following URI template packages:
# composer require guzzlehttp/uri-template
# composer require rize/uri-template

When using this client in the framework context, all existing HTTP clients are decorated by the UriTemplateHttpClient. This means that URI template feature is enabled by default for all HTTP clients you may use in your application.

You can configure variables that will be replaced globally in all URI templates of your application:

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# config/packages/framework.yaml
framework:
    http_client:
        default_options:
            vars:
                - secret: 'secret-token'

If you want to define your own logic to handle variables of URI templates, you can do so by redefining the http_client.uri_template_expander alias. Your service must be invokable.

Performance

The component is built for maximum HTTP performance. By design, it is compatible with HTTP/2 and with doing concurrent asynchronous streamed and multiplexed requests/responses. Even when doing regular synchronous calls, this design allows keeping connections to remote hosts open between requests, improving performance by saving repetitive DNS resolution, SSL negotiation, etc. To leverage all these design benefits, the cURL extension is needed.

Enabling cURL Support

This component can make HTTP requests using native PHP streams and the amphp/http-client and cURL libraries. Although they are interchangeable and provide the same features, including concurrent requests, HTTP/2 is only supported when using cURL or amphp/http-client.

Note

To use the AmpHttpClient, the amphp/http-client package must be installed.

The create() method selects the cURL transport if the cURL PHP extension is enabled. It falls back to AmpHttpClient if cURL couldn't be found or is too old. Finally, if AmpHttpClient is not available, it falls back to PHP streams. If you prefer to select the transport explicitly, use the following classes to create the client:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\AmpHttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\CurlHttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\NativeHttpClient;

// uses native PHP streams
$client = new NativeHttpClient();

// uses the cURL PHP extension
$client = new CurlHttpClient();

// uses the client from the `amphp/http-client` package
$client = new AmpHttpClient();

When using this component in a full-stack Symfony application, this behavior is not configurable and cURL will be used automatically if the cURL PHP extension is installed and enabled, and will fall back as explained above.

Configuring CurlHttpClient Options

PHP allows to configure lots of cURL options via the curl_setopt function. In order to make the component more portable when not using cURL, the CurlHttpClient only uses some of those options (and they are ignored in the rest of clients).

Add an extra.curl option in your configuration to pass those extra options:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\CurlHttpClient;

$client = new CurlHttpClient();

$client->request('POST', 'https://...', [
    // ...
    'extra' => [
        'curl' => [
            CURLOPT_IPRESOLVE => CURL_IPRESOLVE_V6,
        ],
    ],
]);

Note

Some cURL options are impossible to override (e.g. because of thread safety) and you'll get an exception when trying to override them.

HTTP Compression

The HTTP header Accept-Encoding: gzip is added automatically if:

  • using cURL client: cURL was compiled with ZLib support (see php --ri curl)
  • using the native HTTP client: Zlib PHP extension is installed

If the server does respond with a gzipped response, it's decoded transparently. To disable HTTP compression, send an Accept-Encoding: identity HTTP header.

Chunked transfer encoding is enabled automatically if both your PHP runtime and the remote server support it.

Caution

If you set Accept-Encoding to e.g. gzip, you will need to handle the decompression yourself.

HTTP/2 Support

When requesting an https URL, HTTP/2 is enabled by default if one of the following tools is installed:

  • The libcurl package version 7.36 or higher, used with PHP >= 7.2.17 / 7.3.4;
  • The amphp/http-client Packagist package version 4.2 or higher.

To force HTTP/2 for http URLs, you need to enable it explicitly via the http_version option:

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# config/packages/framework.yaml
framework:
    http_client:
        default_options:
            http_version: '2.0'

Support for HTTP/2 PUSH works out of the box when using a compatible client: pushed responses are put into a temporary cache and are used when a subsequent request is triggered for the corresponding URLs.

Processing Responses

The response returned by all HTTP clients is an object of type ResponseInterface which provides the following methods:

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$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://...');

// gets the HTTP status code of the response
$statusCode = $response->getStatusCode();

// gets the HTTP headers as string[][] with the header names lower-cased
$headers = $response->getHeaders();

// gets the response body as a string
$content = $response->getContent();

// casts the response JSON content to a PHP array
$content = $response->toArray();

// casts the response content to a PHP stream resource
$content = $response->toStream();

// cancels the request/response
$response->cancel();

// returns info coming from the transport layer, such as "response_headers",
// "redirect_count", "start_time", "redirect_url", etc.
$httpInfo = $response->getInfo();

// you can get individual info too
$startTime = $response->getInfo('start_time');
// e.g. this returns the final response URL (resolving redirections if needed)
$url = $response->getInfo('url');

// returns detailed logs about the requests and responses of the HTTP transaction
$httpLogs = $response->getInfo('debug');

// the special "pause_handler" info item is a callable that allows to delay the request
// for a given number of seconds; this allows you to delay retries, throttle streams, etc.
$response->getInfo('pause_handler')(2);

Note

$response->toStream() is part of StreamableInterface.

Note

$response->getInfo() is non-blocking: it returns live information about the response. Some of them might not be known yet (e.g. http_code) when you'll call it.

Streaming Responses

Call the stream() method to get chunks of the response sequentially instead of waiting for the entire response:

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$url = 'https://releases.ubuntu.com/18.04.1/ubuntu-18.04.1-desktop-amd64.iso';
$response = $client->request('GET', $url);

// Responses are lazy: this code is executed as soon as headers are received
if (200 !== $response->getStatusCode()) {
    throw new \Exception('...');
}

// get the response content in chunks and save them in a file
// response chunks implement Symfony\Contracts\HttpClient\ChunkInterface
$fileHandler = fopen('/ubuntu.iso', 'w');
foreach ($client->stream($response) as $chunk) {
    fwrite($fileHandler, $chunk->getContent());
}

Note

By default, text/*, JSON and XML response bodies are buffered in a local php://temp stream. You can control this behavior by using the buffer option: set it to true/false to enable/disable buffering, or to a closure that should return the same based on the response headers it receives as an argument.

Canceling Responses

To abort a request (e.g. because it didn't complete in due time, or you want to fetch only the first bytes of the response, etc.), you can either use the cancel():

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$response->cancel();

Or throw an exception from a progress callback:

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$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://...', [
    'on_progress' => function (int $dlNow, int $dlSize, array $info): void {
        // ...

        throw new \MyException();
    },
]);

The exception will be wrapped in an instance of TransportExceptionInterface and will abort the request.

In case the response was canceled using $response->cancel(), $response->getInfo('canceled') will return true.

Handling Exceptions

There are three types of exceptions, all of which implement the ExceptionInterface:

When the HTTP status code of the response is in the 300-599 range (i.e. 3xx, 4xx or 5xx), the getHeaders(), getContent() and toArray() methods throw an appropriate exception, all of which implement the HttpExceptionInterface.

To opt-out from this exception and deal with 300-599 status codes on your own, pass false as the optional argument to every call of those methods, e.g. $response->getHeaders(false);.

If you do not call any of these 3 methods at all, the exception will still be thrown when the $response object is destructed.

Calling $response->getStatusCode() is enough to disable this behavior (but then don't miss checking the status code yourself).

While responses are lazy, their destructor will always wait for headers to come back. This means that the following request will complete; and if e.g. a 404 is returned, an exception will be thrown:

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// because the returned value is not assigned to a variable, the destructor
// of the returned response will be called immediately and will throw if the
// status code is in the 300-599 range
$client->request('POST', 'https://...');

This in turn means that unassigned responses will fallback to synchronous requests. If you want to make these requests concurrent, you can store their corresponding responses in an array:

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$responses[] = $client->request('POST', 'https://.../path1');
$responses[] = $client->request('POST', 'https://.../path2');
// ...

// This line will trigger the destructor of all responses stored in the array;
// they will complete concurrently and an exception will be thrown in case a
// status code in the 300-599 range is returned
unset($responses);

This behavior provided at destruction-time is part of the fail-safe design of the component. No errors will be unnoticed: if you don't write the code to handle errors, exceptions will notify you when needed. On the other hand, if you write the error-handling code (by calling $response->getStatusCode()), you will opt-out from these fallback mechanisms as the destructor won't have anything remaining to do.

Concurrent Requests

Thanks to responses being lazy, requests are always managed concurrently. On a fast enough network, the following code makes 379 requests in less than half a second when cURL is used:

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$responses = [];
for ($i = 0; $i < 379; ++$i) {
    $uri = "https://http2.akamai.com/demo/tile-$i.png";
    $responses[] = $client->request('GET', $uri);
}

foreach ($responses as $response) {
    $content = $response->getContent();
    // ...
}

As you can read in the first "for" loop, requests are issued but are not consumed yet. That's the trick when concurrency is desired: requests should be sent first and be read later on. This will allow the client to monitor all pending requests while your code waits for a specific one, as done in each iteration of the above "foreach" loop.

Note

The maximum number of concurrent requests that you can perform depends on the resources of your machine (e.g. your operating system may limit the number of simultaneous reads of the file that stores the certificates file). Make your requests in batches to avoid these issues.

Multiplexing Responses

If you look again at the snippet above, responses are read in requests' order. But maybe the 2nd response came back before the 1st? Fully asynchronous operations require being able to deal with the responses in whatever order they come back.

In order to do so, the stream() accepts a list of responses to monitor. As mentioned previously, this method yields response chunks as they arrive from the network. By replacing the "foreach" in the snippet with this one, the code becomes fully async:

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foreach ($client->stream($responses) as $response => $chunk) {
    if ($chunk->isFirst()) {
        // headers of $response just arrived
        // $response->getHeaders() is now a non-blocking call
    } elseif ($chunk->isLast()) {
        // the full content of $response just completed
        // $response->getContent() is now a non-blocking call
    } else {
        // $chunk->getContent() will return a piece
        // of the response body that just arrived
    }
}

Tip

Use the user_data option combined with $response->getInfo('user_data') to track the identity of the responses in your foreach loops.

Dealing with Network Timeouts

This component allows dealing with both request and response timeouts.

A timeout can happen when e.g. DNS resolution takes too much time, when the TCP connection cannot be opened in the given time budget, or when the response content pauses for too long. This can be configured with the timeout request option:

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// A TransportExceptionInterface will be issued if nothing
// happens for 2.5 seconds when accessing from the $response
$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://...', ['timeout' => 2.5]);

The default_socket_timeout PHP ini setting is used if the option is not set.

The option can be overridden by using the 2nd argument of the stream() method. This allows monitoring several responses at once and applying the timeout to all of them in a group. If all responses become inactive for the given duration, the method will yield a special chunk whose isTimeout() will return true:

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foreach ($client->stream($responses, 1.5) as $response => $chunk) {
    if ($chunk->isTimeout()) {
        // $response stale for more than 1.5 seconds
    }
}

A timeout is not necessarily an error: you can decide to stream again the response and get remaining contents that might come back in a new timeout, etc.

Tip

Passing 0 as timeout allows monitoring responses in a non-blocking way.

Note

Timeouts control how long one is willing to wait while the HTTP transaction is idle. Big responses can last as long as needed to complete, provided they remain active during the transfer and never pause for longer than specified.

Use the max_duration option to limit the time a full request/response can last.

Dealing with Network Errors

Network errors (broken pipe, failed DNS resolution, etc.) are thrown as instances of TransportExceptionInterface.

First of all, you don't have to deal with them: letting errors bubble to your generic exception-handling stack might be really fine in most use cases.

If you want to handle them, here is what you need to know:

To catch errors, you need to wrap calls to $client->request() but also calls to any methods of the returned responses. This is because responses are lazy, so that network errors can happen when calling e.g. getStatusCode() too:

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use Symfony\Contracts\HttpClient\Exception\TransportExceptionInterface;

// ...
try {
    // both lines can potentially throw
    $response = $client->request(/* ... */);
    $headers = $response->getHeaders();
    // ...
} catch (TransportExceptionInterface $e) {
    // ...
}

Note

Because $response->getInfo() is non-blocking, it shouldn't throw by design.

When multiplexing responses, you can deal with errors for individual streams by catching TransportExceptionInterface in the foreach loop:

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foreach ($client->stream($responses) as $response => $chunk) {
    try {
        if ($chunk->isTimeout()) {
            // ... decide what to do when a timeout occurs
            // if you want to stop a response that timed out, don't miss
            // calling $response->cancel() or the destructor of the response
            // will try to complete it one more time
        } elseif ($chunk->isFirst()) {
            // if you want to check the status code, you must do it when the
            // first chunk arrived, using $response->getStatusCode();
            // not doing so might trigger an HttpExceptionInterface
        } elseif ($chunk->isLast()) {
            // ... do something with $response
        }
    } catch (TransportExceptionInterface $e) {
        // ...
    }
}

Caching Requests and Responses

This component provides a CachingHttpClient decorator that allows caching responses and serving them from the local storage for next requests. The implementation leverages the HttpCache class under the hood so that the HttpKernel component needs to be installed in your application:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\CachingHttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\HttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpCache\Store;

$store = new Store('/path/to/cache/storage/');
$client = HttpClient::create();
$client = new CachingHttpClient($client, $store);

// this won't hit the network if the resource is already in the cache
$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://example.com/cacheable-resource');

CachingHttpClient accepts a third argument to set the options of the HttpCache.

Consuming Server-Sent Events

Server-sent events is an Internet standard used to push data to web pages. Its JavaScript API is built around an EventSource object, which listens to the events sent from some URL. The events are a stream of data (served with the text/event-stream MIME type) with the following format:

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data: This is the first message.

data: This is the second message, it
data: has two lines.

data: This is the third message.

Symfony's HTTP client provides an EventSource implementation to consume these server-sent events. Use the EventSourceHttpClient to wrap your HTTP client, open a connection to a server that responds with a text/event-stream content type and consume the stream as follows:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Chunk\ServerSentEvent;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\EventSourceHttpClient;

// the second optional argument is the reconnection time in seconds (default = 10)
$client = new EventSourceHttpClient($client, 10);
$source = $client->connect('https://localhost:8080/events');
while ($source) {
    foreach ($client->stream($source, 2) as $r => $chunk) {
        if ($chunk->isTimeout()) {
            // ...
            continue;
        }

        if ($chunk->isLast()) {
            // ...

            return;
        }

        // this is a special ServerSentEvent chunk holding the pushed message
        if ($chunk instanceof ServerSentEvent) {
            // do something with the server event ...
        }
    }
}

Tip

If you know that the content of the ServerSentEvent is in the JSON format, you can use the getArrayData() method to directly get the decoded JSON as array.

Interoperability

The component is interoperable with four different abstractions for HTTP clients: Symfony Contracts, PSR-18, HTTPlug v1/v2 and native PHP streams. If your application uses libraries that need any of them, the component is compatible with all of them. They also benefit from autowiring aliases when the framework bundle is used.

If you are writing or maintaining a library that makes HTTP requests, you can decouple it from any specific HTTP client implementations by coding against either Symfony Contracts (recommended), PSR-18 or HTTPlug v2.

Symfony Contracts

The interfaces found in the symfony/http-client-contracts package define the primary abstractions implemented by the component. Its entry point is the HttpClientInterface. That's the interface you need to code against when a client is needed:

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use Symfony\Contracts\HttpClient\HttpClientInterface;

class MyApiLayer
{
    public function __construct(
        private HttpClientInterface $client,
    ) {
    }

    // [...]
}

All request options mentioned above (e.g. timeout management) are also defined in the wordings of the interface, so that any compliant implementations (like this component) is guaranteed to provide them. That's a major difference with the other abstractions, which provide none related to the transport itself.

Another major feature covered by the Symfony Contracts is async/multiplexing, as described in the previous sections.

PSR-18 and PSR-17

This component implements the PSR-18 (HTTP Client) specifications via the Psr18Client class, which is an adapter to turn a Symfony HttpClientInterface into a PSR-18 ClientInterface. This class also implements the relevant methods of PSR-17 to ease creating request objects.

To use it, you need the psr/http-client package and a PSR-17 implementation:

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# installs the PSR-18 ClientInterface
$ composer require psr/http-client

# installs an efficient implementation of response and stream factories
# with autowiring aliases provided by Symfony Flex
$ composer require nyholm/psr7

# alternatively, install the php-http/discovery package to auto-discover
# any already installed implementations from common vendors:
# composer require php-http/discovery

Now you can make HTTP requests with the PSR-18 client as follows:

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use Psr\Http\Client\ClientInterface;

class Symfony
{
    public function __construct(
        private ClientInterface $client,
    ) {
    }

    public function getAvailableVersions(): array
    {
        $request = $this->client->createRequest('GET', 'https://symfony.com/versions.json');
        $response = $this->client->sendRequest($request);

        return json_decode($response->getBody()->getContents(), true);
    }
}

You can also pass a set of default options to your client thanks to the Psr18Client::withOptions() method:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Psr18Client;

$client = (new Psr18Client())
    ->withOptions([
        'base_uri' => 'https://symfony.com',
        'headers' => [
            'Accept' => 'application/json',
        ],
    ]);

$request = $client->createRequest('GET', '/versions.json');

// ...

HTTPlug

The HTTPlug v1 specification was published before PSR-18 and is superseded by it. As such, you should not use it in newly written code. The component is still interoperable with libraries that require it thanks to the HttplugClient class. Similarly to Psr18Client implementing relevant parts of PSR-17, HttplugClient also implements the factory methods defined in the related php-http/message-factory package.

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# Let's suppose php-http/httplug is already required by the lib you want to use

# installs an efficient implementation of response and stream factories
# with autowiring aliases provided by Symfony Flex
$ composer require nyholm/psr7

# alternatively, install the php-http/discovery package to auto-discover
# any already installed implementations from common vendors:
# composer require php-http/discovery

Let's say you want to instantiate a class with the following constructor, that requires HTTPlug dependencies:

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use Http\Client\HttpClient;
use Http\Message\StreamFactory;

class SomeSdk
{
    public function __construct(
        HttpClient $httpClient,
        StreamFactory $streamFactory
    )
    // [...]
}

Because HttplugClient implements these interfaces,you can use it this way:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\HttplugClient;

$httpClient = new HttplugClient();
$apiClient = new SomeSdk($httpClient, $httpClient);

If you'd like to work with promises, HttplugClient also implements the HttpAsyncClient interface. To use it, you need to install the guzzlehttp/promises package:

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$ composer require guzzlehttp/promises

Then you're ready to go:

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use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\HttplugClient;

$httpClient = new HttplugClient();
$request = $httpClient->createRequest('GET', 'https://my.api.com/');
$promise = $httpClient->sendAsyncRequest($request)
    ->then(
        function (ResponseInterface $response): ResponseInterface {
            echo 'Got status '.$response->getStatusCode();

            return $response;
        },
        function (\Throwable $exception): never {
            echo 'Error: '.$exception->getMessage();

            throw $exception;
        }
    );

// after you're done with sending several requests,
// you must wait for them to complete concurrently

// wait for a specific promise to resolve while monitoring them all
$response = $promise->wait();

// wait maximum 1 second for pending promises to resolve
$httpClient->wait(1.0);

// wait for all remaining promises to resolve
$httpClient->wait();

You can also pass a set of default options to your client thanks to the HttplugClient::withOptions() method:

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use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\HttplugClient;

$httpClient = (new HttplugClient())
    ->withOptions([
        'base_uri' => 'https://my.api.com',
    ]);
$request = $httpClient->createRequest('GET', '/');

// ...

Native PHP Streams

Responses implementing ResponseInterface can be cast to native PHP streams with createResource(). This allows using them where native PHP streams are needed:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\HttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\StreamWrapper;

$client = HttpClient::create();
$response = $client->request('GET', 'https://symfony.com/versions.json');

$streamResource = StreamWrapper::createResource($response, $client);

// alternatively and contrary to the previous one, this returns
// a resource that is seekable and potentially stream_select()-able
$streamResource = $response->toStream();

echo stream_get_contents($streamResource); // outputs the content of the response

// later on if you need to, you can access the response from the stream
$response = stream_get_meta_data($streamResource)['wrapper_data']->getResponse();

Extensibility

If you want to extend the behavior of a base HTTP client, you can use service decoration:

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class MyExtendedHttpClient implements HttpClientInterface
{
    public function __construct(
        private ?HttpClientInterface $decoratedClient = null
    ) {
        $this->decoratedClient ??= HttpClient::create();
    }

    public function request(string $method, string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
    {
        // process and/or change the $method, $url and/or $options as needed
        $response = $this->decoratedClient->request($method, $url, $options);

        // if you call here any method on $response, the HTTP request
        // won't be async; see below for a better way

        return $response;
    }

    public function stream($responses, ?float $timeout = null): ResponseStreamInterface
    {
        return $this->decoratedClient->stream($responses, $timeout);
    }
}

A decorator like this one is useful in cases where processing the requests' arguments is enough. By decorating the on_progress option, you can even implement basic monitoring of the response. However, since calling responses' methods forces synchronous operations, doing so inside request() will break async.

The solution is to also decorate the response object itself. TraceableHttpClient and TraceableResponse are good examples as a starting point.

In order to help writing more advanced response processors, the component provides an AsyncDecoratorTrait. This trait allows processing the stream of chunks as they come back from the network:

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class MyExtendedHttpClient implements HttpClientInterface
{
    use AsyncDecoratorTrait;

    public function request(string $method, string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
    {
        // process and/or change the $method, $url and/or $options as needed

        $passthru = function (ChunkInterface $chunk, AsyncContext $context): \Generator {
            // do what you want with chunks, e.g. split them
            // in smaller chunks, group them, skip some, etc.

            yield $chunk;
        };

        return new AsyncResponse($this->client, $method, $url, $options, $passthru);
    }
}

Because the trait already implements a constructor and the stream() method, you don't need to add them. The request() method should still be defined; it shall return an AsyncResponse.

The custom processing of chunks should happen in $passthru: this generator is where you need to write your logic. It will be called for each chunk yielded by the underlying client. A $passthru that does nothing would just yield $chunk;. You could also yield a modified chunk, split the chunk into many ones by yielding several times, or even skip a chunk altogether by issuing a return; instead of yielding.

In order to control the stream, the chunk passthru receives an AsyncContext as second argument. This context object has methods to read the current state of the response. It also allows altering the response stream with methods to create new chunks of content, pause the stream, cancel the stream, change the info of the response, replace the current request by another one or change the chunk passthru itself.

Checking the test cases implemented in AsyncDecoratorTraitTest might be a good start to get various working examples for a better understanding. Here are the use cases that it simulates:

  • retry a failed request;
  • send a preflight request, e.g. for authentication needs;
  • issue subrequests and include their content in the main response's body.

The logic in AsyncResponse has many safety checks that will throw a LogicException if the chunk passthru doesn't behave correctly; e.g. if a chunk is yielded after an isLast() one, or if a content chunk is yielded before an isFirst() one, etc.

Testing

This component includes the MockHttpClient and MockResponse classes to use in tests that shouldn't make actual HTTP requests. Such tests can be useful, as they will run faster and produce consistent results, since they're not dependent on an external service. By not making actual HTTP requests there is no need to worry about the service being online or the request changing state, for example deleting a resource.

MockHttpClient implements the HttpClientInterface, just like any actual HTTP client in this component. When you type-hint with HttpClientInterface your code will accept the real client outside tests, while replacing it with MockHttpClient in the test.

When the request method is used on MockHttpClient, it will respond with the supplied MockResponse. There are a few ways to use it, as described below.

HTTP Client and Responses

The first way of using MockHttpClient is to pass a list of responses to its constructor. These will be yielded in order when requests are made:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\MockHttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\MockResponse;

$responses = [
    new MockResponse($body1, $info1),
    new MockResponse($body2, $info2),
];

$client = new MockHttpClient($responses);
// responses are returned in the same order as passed to MockHttpClient
$response1 = $client->request('...'); // returns $responses[0]
$response2 = $client->request('...'); // returns $responses[1]

Another way of using MockHttpClient is to pass a callback that generates the responses dynamically when it's called:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\MockHttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\MockResponse;

$callback = function ($method, $url, $options): MockResponse {
    return new MockResponse('...');
};

$client = new MockHttpClient($callback);
$response = $client->request('...'); // calls $callback to get the response

You can also pass a list of callbacks if you need to perform specific assertions on the request before returning the mocked response:

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$expectedRequests = [
    function ($method, $url, $options): MockResponse {
        $this->assertSame('GET', $method);
        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/api/v1/customer', $url);

        return new MockResponse('...');
    },
    function ($method, $url, $options): MockResponse {
        $this->assertSame('POST', $method);
        $this->assertSame('https://example.com/api/v1/customer/1/products', $url);

        return new MockResponse('...');
    },
];

$client = new MockHttpClient($expectedRequests);

// ...

Tip

Instead of using the first argument, you can also set the (list of) responses or callbacks using the setResponseFactory() method:

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$responses = [
    new MockResponse($body1, $info1),
    new MockResponse($body2, $info2),
];

$client = new MockHttpClient();
$client->setResponseFactory($responses);

If you need to test responses with HTTP status codes different than 200, define the http_code option:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\MockHttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\MockResponse;

$client = new MockHttpClient([
    new MockResponse('...', ['http_code' => 500]),
    new MockResponse('...', ['http_code' => 404]),
]);

$response = $client->request('...');

The responses provided to the mock client don't have to be instances of MockResponse. Any class implementing ResponseInterface will work (e.g. $this->createMock(ResponseInterface::class)).

However, using MockResponse allows simulating chunked responses and timeouts:

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$body = function (): \Generator {
    yield 'hello';
    // empty strings are turned into timeouts so that they are easy to test
    yield '';
    yield 'world';
};

$mockResponse = new MockResponse($body());

Finally, you can also create an invokable or iterable class that generates the responses and use it as a callback in functional tests:

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namespace App\Tests;

use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\MockResponse;
use Symfony\Contracts\HttpClient\ResponseInterface;

class MockClientCallback
{
    public function __invoke(string $method, string $url, array $options = []): ResponseInterface
    {
        // load a fixture file or generate data
        // ...
        return new MockResponse($data);
    }
}

Then configure Symfony to use your callback:

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# config/services_test.yaml
services:
    # ...
    App\Tests\MockClientCallback: ~

# config/packages/test/framework.yaml
framework:
    http_client:
        mock_response_factory: App\Tests\MockClientCallback

To return json, you would normally do:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\MockResponse;

$response = new MockResponse(json_encode([
        'foo' => 'bar',
    ]), [
    'response_headers' => [
        'content-type' => 'application/json',
    ],
]);

You can use JsonMockResponse instead:

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use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\JsonMockResponse;

$response = new JsonMockResponse([
    'foo' => 'bar',
]);

Testing Request Data

The MockResponse class comes with some helper methods to test the request:

  • getRequestMethod() - returns the HTTP method;
  • getRequestUrl() - returns the URL the request would be sent to;
  • getRequestOptions() - returns an array containing other information about the request such as headers, query parameters, body content etc.

Usage example:

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$mockResponse = new MockResponse('', ['http_code' => 204]);
$httpClient = new MockHttpClient($mockResponse, 'https://example.com');

$response = $httpClient->request('DELETE', 'api/article/1337', [
    'headers' => [
        'Accept: */*',
        'Authorization: Basic YWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuc2VzYW1l',
    ],
]);

$mockResponse->getRequestMethod();
// returns "DELETE"

$mockResponse->getRequestUrl();
// returns "https://example.com/api/article/1337"

$mockResponse->getRequestOptions()['headers'];
// returns ["Accept: */*", "Authorization: Basic YWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuc2VzYW1l"]

Full Example

The following standalone example demonstrates a way to use the HTTP client and test it in a real application:

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// ExternalArticleService.php
use Symfony\Contracts\HttpClient\HttpClientInterface;

final class ExternalArticleService
{
    public function __construct(
        private HttpClientInterface $httpClient,
    ) {
    }

    public function createArticle(array $requestData): array
    {
        $requestJson = json_encode($requestData, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);

        $response = $this->httpClient->request('POST', 'api/article', [
            'headers' => [
                'Content-Type: application/json',
                'Accept: application/json',
            ],
            'body' => $requestJson,
        ]);

        if (201 !== $response->getStatusCode()) {
            throw new Exception('Response status code is different than expected.');
        }

        // ... other checks

        $responseJson = $response->getContent();
        $responseData = json_decode($responseJson, true, 512, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);

        return $responseData;
    }
}

// ExternalArticleServiceTest.php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\MockHttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\MockResponse;

final class ExternalArticleServiceTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testSubmitData(): void
    {
        // Arrange
        $requestData = ['title' => 'Testing with Symfony HTTP Client'];
        $expectedRequestData = json_encode($requestData, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);

        $expectedResponseData = ['id' => 12345];
        $mockResponseJson = json_encode($expectedResponseData, JSON_THROW_ON_ERROR);
        $mockResponse = new MockResponse($mockResponseJson, [
            'http_code' => 201,
            'response_headers' => ['Content-Type: application/json'],
        ]);

        $httpClient = new MockHttpClient($mockResponse, 'https://example.com');
        $service = new ExternalArticleService($httpClient);

        // Act
        $responseData = $service->createArticle($requestData);

        // Assert
        self::assertSame('POST', $mockResponse->getRequestMethod());
        self::assertSame('https://example.com/api/article', $mockResponse->getRequestUrl());
        self::assertContains(
            'Content-Type: application/json',
            $mockResponse->getRequestOptions()['headers']
        );
        self::assertSame($expectedRequestData, $mockResponse->getRequestOptions()['body']);

        self::assertSame($responseData, $expectedResponseData);
    }
}

Testing Using HAR Files

Modern browsers (via their network tab) and HTTP clients allow to export the information of one or more HTTP requests using the HAR (HTTP Archive) format. You can use those .har files to perform tests with Symfony's HTTP Client.

First, use a browser or HTTP client to perform the HTTP request(s) you want to test. Then, save that information as a .har file somewhere in your application:

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// ExternalArticleServiceTest.php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\MockHttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\MockResponse;

final class ExternalArticleServiceTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testSubmitData(): void
    {
        // Arrange
        $fixtureDir = sprintf('%s/tests/fixtures/HTTP', static::getContainer()->getParameter('kernel.project_dir'));
        $factory = new HarFileResponseFactory("$fixtureDir/example.com_archive.har");
        $httpClient = new MockHttpClient($factory, 'https://example.com');
        $service = new ExternalArticleService($httpClient);

        // Act
        $responseData = $service->createArticle($requestData);

        // Assert
        self::assertSame($responseData, 'the expected response');
    }
}

If your service performs multiple requests or if your .har file contains multiple request/response pairs, the HarFileResponseFactory will find the associated response based on the request method, URL and body (if any). Note that this won't work if the request body or URI is random / always changing (e.g. if it contains current date or random UUIDs).

Testing Network Transport Exceptions

As explained in the Network Errors section, when making HTTP requests you might face errors at transport level.

That's why it's useful to test how your application behaves in case of a transport error. MockResponse allows you to do so in multiple ways.

In order to test errors that occur before headers have been received, set the error option value when creating the MockResponse. Transport errors of this kind occur, for example, when a host name cannot be resolved or the host was unreachable. The TransportException will be thrown as soon as a method like getStatusCode() or getHeaders() is called.

In order to test errors that occur while a response is being streamed (that is, after the headers have already been received), provide the exception to MockResponse as part of the body parameter. You can either use an exception directly, or yield the exception from a callback. For exceptions of this kind, getStatusCode() may indicate a success (200), but accessing getContent() fails.

The following example code illustrates all three options.

body:

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// ExternalArticleServiceTest.php
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\MockHttpClient;
use Symfony\Component\HttpClient\Response\MockResponse;

final class ExternalArticleServiceTest extends TestCase
{
    // ...

    public function testTransportLevelError(): void
    {
        $requestData = ['title' => 'Testing with Symfony HTTP Client'];
        $httpClient = new MockHttpClient([
            // Mock a transport level error at a time before
            // headers have been received (e. g. host unreachable)
            new MockResponse(info: ['error' => 'host unreachable']),

            // Mock a response with headers indicating
            // success, but a failure while retrieving the body by
            // creating the exception directly in the body...
            new MockResponse([new \RuntimeException('Error at transport level')]),

            // ... or by yielding it from a callback.
            new MockResponse((static function (): \Generator {
                yield new TransportException('Error at transport level');
            })()),
        ]);

        $service = new ExternalArticleService($httpClient);

        try {
            $service->createArticle($requestData);

            // An exception should have been thrown in `createArticle()`, so this line should never be reached
            $this->fail();
        } catch (TransportException $e) {
            $this->assertEquals(new \RuntimeException('Error at transport level'), $e->getPrevious());
            $this->assertSame('Error at transport level', $e->getMessage());
        }
    }
}
This work, including the code samples, is licensed under a Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license.
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